A Synthesis of Findings from an Integrated Hatchery Program after Three Generations of Spawning in the Natural Environment

Fast, David E.; Bosch, William J.; Johnston, Mark V.; Strom, Charles R.; Knudsen, Curtis M.; Fritts, Anthony L.; Temple, Gabriel M.; Pearsons, Todd N.; Larsen, Donald A.; Dittman, Andrew H.; May, Darran

doi:10.1080/15222055.2015.1024360

Cited by 35 publications

(83 citation statements)

References 112 publications

(204 reference statements)

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“…Second, nest (redd) abundance and spatial distribution significantly increased following supplementation efforts, an increase that exceeded numbers observed in a nearby unsupplemented river (Fast et al. ). Third, comparisons of female reproductive traits (Knudsen et al.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…The proportion of hatchery fish from the integrated line spawning in the natural environment has varied between 0.2 and 0.76 (mean = 0.56) from 2001 to 2013 (Fast et al. ). There is indirect evidence that these hatchery fish successfully contributed to the natural population: hatchery‐ and natural‐origin fish had similar distributions on the spawning grounds (Dittman et al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…), and redd (nest) abundance and spatial distribution has increased (Fast et al. ). Fish from the integrated and segregated hatchery lines are raised in the same facility but are differentially marked for external identification.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effectiveness of managed gene flow in reducing genetic divergence associated with captive breeding

Waters

Hard

Brieuc

et al. 2015

Evolutionary Applications

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Captive breeding has the potential to rebuild depressed populations. However, associated genetic changes may decrease restoration success and negatively affect the adaptive potential of the entire population. Thus, approaches that minimize genetic risks should be tested in a comparative framework over multiple generations. Genetic diversity in two captive-reared lines of a species of conservation interest, Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), was surveyed across three generations using genome-wide approaches. Genetic divergence from the source population was minimal in an integrated line, which implemented managed gene flow by using only naturally-born adults as captive broodstock, but significant in a segregated line, which bred only captive-origin individuals. Estimates of effective number of breeders revealed that the rapid divergence observed in the latter was largely attributable to genetic drift. Three independent tests for signatures of adaptive divergence also identified temporal change within the segregated line, possibly indicating domestication selection. The results empirically demonstrate that using managed gene flow for propagating a captive-reared population reduces genetic divergence over the short term compared to one that relies solely on captive-origin parents. These findings complement existing studies of captive breeding, which typically focus on a single management strategy and examine the fitness of one or two generations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effectiveness of managed gene flow in reducing genetic divergence associated with captive breeding

Waters

Hard

Brieuc

et al. 2015

Evolutionary Applications

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“…Conservation hatchery programs for spring Chinook Salmon, which incorporate natural‐origin broodstock and aim to produce fish with genetic characteristics similar to those of the native stock, have the potential benefits of reducing the short‐term risk of extinction, speeding recovery, reseeding vacant habitat, and increasing harvest opportunity (Fast et al. ). However, these integrated programs also produce minijacks at rates higher than segregated hatchery programs that only use hatchery‐origin adults for broodstock (Harstad et al.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasma 11‐Ketotestosterone in Individual Age‐1 Spring Chinook Salmon Males Accurately Predicts Age‐2 Maturation Status

Medeiros

Galbreath

Knudsen³

et al. 2018

Trans Am Fish Soc

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High rates of precocious male maturation of spring Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha as 2‐year‐old minijacks have been observed in Columbia River basin hatchery programs. Previously, minijack rates have been assessed by lethal sampling during the spring prior to release of the age‐1 smolts and measurement of plasma levels of 11‐ketotestosterone (11‐KT), the major androgen in salmonids. Analysis of plasma 11‐KT levels has been used for separation of male fish into two distinct groups: low levels for immature males and high levels for precociously maturing minijacks. However, no published studies have confirmed how accurately plasma 11‐KT levels measured in the spring prior to smolt release correspond to the maturation status of individual males the following fall spawning season. We utilized both lethal and nonlethal sampling to determine when to sample hatchery‐reared juveniles to obtain clear separation between immature and precociously maturing males and PIT‐tagged fish to determine whether plasma 11‐KT levels in the spring accurately predicted an individual's maturation status in the fall. The distribution of plasma 11‐KT values from fish sampled in February was not significantly bimodal, whereas that from fish sampled in April was strongly bimodal. Plasma 11‐KT levels measured nonlethally in April accurately predicted the maturation status of 99% of male fish, confirmed via the gonadosomatic index obtained the following September. Plasma 11‐KT levels increased from April to September in both immature and maturing males, although the percent increase in maturing males was 10 times greater than that experienced by the non‐maturing smolts. Our findings support the use of spring plasma 11‐KT level as an indicator of maturation status in Chinook Salmon juveniles, provided that an appropriate sampling time is selected.

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“…The ecological background of the study population and the initiation of the integrated and segregated hatchery lines at CESRF have been described in previous publications (Fast et al., ; Knudsen et al., ; Waters et al., ). Briefly, wild adults returning from the ocean to their freshwater spawning grounds were collected for founding broodstock (Figure ) from the upper Yakima River, WA, USA, population from 1997 to 2002 as they passed the Roza Dam Adult Monitoring Facility (RAMF), located 90 river kilometers south of CESRF.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genomewide association analyses of fitness traits in captive‐reared Chinook salmon: Applications in evaluating conservation strategies

Waters

Hard

Brieuc

et al. 2018

Evolutionary Applications

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A novel application of genomewide association analyses is to use trait‐associated loci to monitor the effects of conservation strategies on potentially adaptive genetic variation. Comparisons of fitness between captive‐ and wild‐origin individuals, for example, do not reveal how captive rearing affects genetic variation underlying fitness traits or which traits are most susceptible to domestication selection. Here, we used data collected across four generations to identify loci associated with six traits in adult Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and then determined how two alternative management approaches for captive rearing affected variation at these loci. Loci associated with date of return to freshwater spawning grounds (return timing), length and weight at return, age at maturity, spawn timing, and daily growth coefficient were identified using 9108 restriction site‐associated markers and random forest, an approach suitable for polygenic traits. Mapping of trait‐associated loci, gene annotations, and integration of results across multiple studies revealed candidate regions involved in several fitness‐related traits. Genotypes at trait‐associated loci were then compared between two hatchery populations that were derived from the same source but are now managed as separate lines, one integrated with and one segregated from the wild population. While no broad‐scale change was detected across four generations, there were numerous regions where trait‐associated loci overlapped with signatures of adaptive divergence previously identified in the two lines. Many regions, primarily with loci linked to return and spawn timing, were either unique to or more divergent in the segregated line, suggesting that these traits may be responding to domestication selection. This study is one of the first to utilize genomic approaches to demonstrate the effectiveness of a conservation strategy, managed gene flow, on trait‐associated—and potentially adaptive—loci. The results will promote the development of trait‐specific tools to better monitor genetic change in captive and wild populations.

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A Synthesis of Findings from an Integrated Hatchery Program after Three Generations of Spawning in the Natural Environment

Cited by 35 publications

References 112 publications

Effectiveness of managed gene flow in reducing genetic divergence associated with captive breeding

Effectiveness of managed gene flow in reducing genetic divergence associated with captive breeding

Plasma 11‐Ketotestosterone in Individual Age‐1 Spring Chinook Salmon Males Accurately Predicts Age‐2 Maturation Status

Genomewide association analyses of fitness traits in captive‐reared Chinook salmon: Applications in evaluating conservation strategies

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