A synopsis of the Joint Environment and Human Health Programme in the UK

Abstract

The Joint Environment and Human Health (E&HH) Programme has explored how both man-made and natural changes to the environment can influence human health. Scientists have tackled the complicated mix of environmental, social and economic factors that influence health, particularly focusing on naturally occurring toxins, man-made pollutants, nanoparticles and pathogens to see:• how they spread within the environment• how their properties change as they interact with other substances or organisms• how we become exposed to them, and• their impact on human health.The Programme has not only succeeded in bringing together scientists from a broad range of environmental, social and biomedical backgrounds, but also fostered new relationships with end users and policy makers. This new community is helping to provide the multidisciplinary capacity able to respond in an interdisciplinary way to resolve problems that are intrinsically interfacial in character. Many of these questions relate to complex issues such as the environmental biology and geochemistry of soils and how these influence the transport, accessibility and bioavailability of chemical pollutants and infectivity of pathogens. The dispersion of harmful particles in the atmosphere is another area of major concern where the E&HH Programme has broken new ground by showing how the chemical and physical properties of such particles influence their environmental behaviour and may govern their toxicity and resultant pathological reactions induced following inhalation. Working groups and networks have identified potential health problems concerning the transport and emergence of human pathogens associated with food, soil, air and water. The consequence(s) of global and regional climate change for the environmental behaviours of pollutants and pathogens have been considered by a number of the projects supported by the E&HH programme.The selection of articles in this supplement reflect the broad scope of the E&HH programme. By effectively identifying and interconnecting these interdisciplinary elements, the E&HH programme has fostered the emergence of new ways of solving problems in areas of research that have, until recently, had little connection with one another. This has not only helped build new research groupings, but has also led to exciting new scientific developments as described in this issue of Environmental Health.

Building Climate Resilient Health Systems: Panacea for Mitigating Climate Change Effects in Nigeria

“…Even worse, climate change has an especially detrimental effect on vulnerable populations [3,9]. Four main themes have been consistently associated with health due to changing climate, such as infectious diseases; public health and food security; heat waves, mortality and non-communicable diseases; and air pollution, allergy and respiratory health [3,4,10]. Without urgent and timely intervention, climate change is estimated to push over 100 million people around the world into extreme poverty and result in severe health consequences, especially vulnerable population across low-and middle-income countries (LIMCs) [3].…”

Integrated Environmental Health Impact Assessment for Risk Governance Purposes; Across What Do We Integrate?

“…In particular, risk governance differentiates between different types of risk problems with varying degrees of complexity, uncertainty and ambiguity (and combinations thereof), and proposes differentiated risk management strategies, instruments and stakeholder participation, commensurate to the complexity, uncertainty and ambiguity of the risk problem. The evolution from the risk assessment/risk management paradigm toward risk governance can be observed from the series of reports from for example the USA National Risk Council on Risk Assessment [ 15 , 16 , 17 ], the Dutch Health Council [ 12 , 18 , 19 ], the Joint Environment and Human Health Programme of the UK Research Councils [ 20 ], parallel reporting from other countries, and in the primary literature. Integrated environmental health impact assessment is an important element in modern risk governance.…”

Differences in Response to a Dietary Intervention Between the General Population and First-Degree Relatives of Colorectal Cancer Patients

“…Although it is not known if increased risk of CRC in FDRs is genetic or due to common environmental exposures, 5 engaging in protective health behaviors, such as maintaining a low-fat, high fiber diet can reduce the risk of developing colon cancer in this high risk population. 6 Importantly, knowledge of susceptibility to a serious disease may increase the likelihood of engaging in preventive behaviors, 7 although knowledge alone may not be sufficient to change complex behaviors, such as dietary intake.…”