“…In addition to noble metal catalysts such as platinum for the HER 21 and ruthenium oxide for the OER, a variety of transition metal-based alloys, hydroxides 22 , oxides 23 , phosphides 24 , sulfides 25 , selenides 26 , nitrides 27 , carbides 28 , borides 29 , and carbon-based 1D, 2D, and doped carbon materials have been designed to manifest the cocatalyst requirements. Transition metal-based materials, particularly those made of Mo, Co, Ni, and Fe, have been recognized as the most promising catalysts for the HER and OER because of their low-cost and improved catalytic performance that is comparable to that of noble metal cocatalysts [30][31][32] .…”