Enzymatically synthetic cellulose is a novel green filler combining the advantage of degradability and environmental friendliness. In this work, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) [P(HB-co-HV)] nanocomposites were fabricated using the melt blending technique through the addition of slatted cellulose (SC) or disc-shaped cellulose (DC). The effects of different morphologies and weight contents of cellulose on the crystallization behavior, morphology, and interaction of P(HB-co-HV) nanocomposites were investigated and analyzed. Compared with neat P(HB-co-HV), the yield strength and elongation at break of P(HB-co-HV)/0.1 wt %-SC nanocomposites were increased by 29 and 79%, respectively, while those for P(HB-co-HV)/0.5 wt %-DC nanocomposites were increased by 34 and 59%, respectively. Differential scanning calorimetry and polarized optical microscopy results demonstrated that cellulose increased the crystallization temperature and decreased the spherulite size of P(HB-co-HV). Wide-angle X-ray diffraction results illustrated that the growth of the grain and crystal plane was affected by cellulose. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results indicated that strong hydrogen bonds were formed at the interface between P(HB-co-HV) and cellulose. Scanning electron microscopy images revealed the uniform dispersion of cellulose in the polymer matrix. This study entails considerable advantages for the preparation of green nanofillers and the production of biodegradable polymers with excellent mechanical properties for tissue engineering in the presence of small amounts of fillers.