A Sustainable Approach to the Metabolic Syndrome in Children and Its Economic Burden

Álvarez, Manuel Vaquero; Aparicio-Martínez, Pilar; Pozo, Francisco Javier Fonseca del; Alonso, Joaquín Valle; Sánchez, Isabel María Blancas; Romero-Saldaña, Manuel

doi:10.3390/ijerph17061891

Cited by 12 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 56 publications

(100 reference statements)

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“…Metabolic syndrome has been a global pandemic affecting children and adults [24]. The burden is significantly higher in the developed world posing a high economic burden on the health care system [25]. Cardiovascular and other metabolic complications are also common consequences of MetS in children [26].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome among Children and Adolescents in High-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies

Bitew

Alemu

Tenaw

et al. 2021

BioMed Research International

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Introduction. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is an assemblage of interconnected cardiovascular risk factors that are prevalent among children and adolescents in high-income countries (HICs). Despite the presence of several studies on the issue, the study findings are incongruent due to the absence of a gold standard diagnostic method of MetS in children. Thus, the findings of the original studies are inconclusive for policy makers and other stakeholders. This systematic review and meta-analysis is aimed at giving conclusive evidence about MetS among children and adolescents in HICs. Methods. We conducted searches using electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL (EBSCOhost), EMBASE (Elsevier), and Medline (EBSCOhost)) and other sources (Google Scholar and Google) up to September 2020. Observational studies reporting the prevalence of MetS were eligible in this study. The pooled estimates were computed in fixed and random effect models using six diagnostic methods (IDF, ATP III, de Ferranti et al., WHO, Weiss et al., and Cruz and Goran). Publication bias was verified using funnel plots and Egger’s regression tests. Subgroup and sensitivity analysis were performed in case of higher heterogeneities among the included studies. Result. In this study, 77 studies with a total population of 125,445 children and adolescents were used in the final analysis. Metabolic syndrome among the overweight and obese population was computed from 28 studies with the pooled prevalence of 25.25%, 24.47%, 39.41%, 29.52%, and 33.36% in IDF, ATP III, de Ferranti et al., WHO, and Weiss et al. criteria, respectively. Likewise, 49 studies were eligible to compute the pooled prevalence of MetS in the general population of children and adolescents. Hence, MetS was found in 3.70% (IDF), 5.40% (ATP III), 14.78% (de Ferranti et al.), 3.90% (WHO), and, 4.66% (Cruz and Goran) of study participants. Regarding the components of MetS, abdominal obesity in the overweight and obese population, and low HDL-C in the general population were the most common components. Besides, the prevalence of Mets among males was higher than females. Conclusion. This study demonstrates that MetS among children and adolescents is undoubtedly high in HICs. The prevalence of MetS is higher among males than females. Community-based social and behavioral change communications need to be designed to promote healthy eating behaviors and physical activities. Prospective cohort studies could also help to explore all possible risk factors of MetS and to design specific interventions accordingly.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome among Children and Adolescents in High-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies

Bitew

Alemu

Tenaw

et al. 2021

BioMed Research International

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“…Of these, T2D affects more than 200 million people 216 and NAFLD affects an estimated one‐third of the adult population worldwide 218 . There has been an alarming increase in MetS 219,220 with an estimated prevalence in 1/4 th of the global population 221,222 . MetS, also known as syndrome X, 223 insulin resistance syndrome, 224 and the deadly quartet, 225 refers to the co‐occurrence of several cardiovascular risk factors, such as glucose intolerance, obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension and dyslipidaemia 226 .…”

Section: In Review: Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chewing the fat: How lipidomics is changing our understanding of human health and disease in 2022

Géhin

Fowler

Trivedi

2023

Analytical Science Advances

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Lipids are biological molecules that play vital roles in all living organisms. They perform many cellular functions, such as 1) forming cellular and subcellular membranes, 2) storing and using energy, and 3) serving as chemical messengers during intra‐ and inter‐cellular signal transduction. The large‐scale study of the pathways and networks of cellular lipids in biological systems is called “lipidomics” and is one of the fastest‐growing omics technologies of the last two decades. With state‐of‐the‐art mass spectrometry instrumentation and sophisticated data handling, clinical studies show how human lipid composition changes in health and disease, thereby making it a valuable medium to collect for clinical applications, such as disease diagnostics, therapeutic decision‐making, and drug development. This review gives a comprehensive overview of current workflows used in clinical research, from sample collection and preparation to data and clinical interpretations. This is followed by an appraisal of applications in 2022 and a perspective on the exciting future of clinical lipidomics.

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“…Met-S is progressive, and early indications of disease are evident in adolescents and young adults [ 53 , 54 ]. Some reports suggest that a large number of adolescents already carry one or more risk factors for Met-S [ 55 , 56 ]. Exposure to Met-S risk factors in childhood and adolescence is associated with disease development in adulthood [ 57 , 58 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between preventable risk factors and metabolic syndrome

Shehri

Asmari²,

Khan

et al. 2022

Open Medicine

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The risk factors associated with metabolic syndrome (Met-S) including hypertension, hyperglycemia, central obesity, and dyslipidemia are preventable, particularly at their early stage. There are limited data available on the association between Met-S and preventable risk factors in young adults. We randomly selected 2,010 Saudis aged 18–30 years, who applied to be recruited in military colleges. All the procedures followed the guidelines of International Diabetes Federation. The results showed that out of 2,010 subjects, 4088 were affected with Met-S. The commonest risk factors were high blood sugar (63.6%), high systolic and diastolic blood pressures (63.3 and 37.3%), and high body mass index (57.5%). The prevalence of prediabetes and diabetes were 55.2 and 8.4%, respectively. Obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and hypertriglyceridemia were significantly associated with Met-S. The frequency of smoking was significantly linked with the development of Met-S. The prevalence of Met-S was found to be significantly higher in individuals with sedentary lifestyle. In conclusion, the results of this study clearly indicate that military recruits, who represent healthy young adults, are also prone to Met-S. The findings of this study will help in designing preventive measures as well as public awareness programs for controlling the high prevalence of Met-S in young adults.

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A Sustainable Approach to the Metabolic Syndrome in Children and Its Economic Burden

Cited by 12 publications

References 56 publications

Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome among Children and Adolescents in High-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies

Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome among Children and Adolescents in High-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies

Chewing the fat: How lipidomics is changing our understanding of human health and disease in 2022

Association between preventable risk factors and metabolic syndrome

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