A Survey on Vulnerabilities and Countermeasures in the Communications of the Smart Grid

Abstract

Since the 1990s, the digitalization process has transformed the communication infrastructure within the electrical grid: proprietary infrastructures and protocols have been replaced by the IEC 61850 approach, which realizes interoperability among vendors. Furthermore, the latest networking solutions merge operational technologies (OTs) and informational technology (IT) traffics in the same media, such as time-sensitive networking (TSN)—standard, interoperable, deterministic, and Ethernet-based. It merges OT and IT worlds by defining three basic traffic types: scheduled, best-effort, and reserved traffic. However, TSN demands security against potential new cyberattacks, primarily, to protect real-time critical messages. Consequently, security in the smart grid has turned into a hot topic under regulation, standardization, and business. This survey collects vulnerabilities of the communication in the smart grid and reveals security mechanisms introduced by international electrotechnical commission (IEC) 62351-6 and how to apply them to time-sensitive networking.

DC Nanogrids for Integration of Demand Response and Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructures: Appraisal, Optimal Scheduling and Analysis

“…The power that a BES can exchange with the system is typically upper bounded, as said the constraint (9), whose nominal values are determined by the nominal capacity and the energy to power ratio [43]. It is realistic to assume that charging and discharging processes are actually complementary, which is ensured by imposing the constraint (10).…”

“…With the advent of this concept, nanogrids (NGs) have emerged as an invaluable framework for the integration of renewable generation, electric vehicles (EVs), storage facilities and demand response (DR) programs [3][4][5][6]; as well as for electrical supplying of remote isolated areas [7]. In this context, the optimal coordination of the agents involved requires deploying advanced communication infrastructures and electronic interfaces on either AC, DC or hybrid networks [8][9][10]. Communication channels enable effective information exchange among the different assets that participate in the operation of the system.…”

Intrusion Detection System in Smart Grid-A Review

“…Therefore, digitalizing these seven logical premises is severely vulnerable to the security risks of a wide range of potential attacks and threats that might cause cascading effects on human life and the entire nation [2]. The security and dependability of innovative grid systems are gravely threatened by cyber-physical attacks, even with the growing reliance on cutting-edge technologies like smart meters and automated control systems.…”

Encriptación de información mediante procesamiento óptico

“…En este contexto, la encriptación de la información mediante procesamiento óptico se presenta como una herramienta poderosa para la protección de datos (Alfalou, 2018;Alfalou & Brosseau, 2009;Ambs, 2010;Carnicer & Javidi, 2017;Chen, et al, 2014;Graydon, 2013;Javidi, et al, 2016;Li, et al, 2017a;Liang, et al, 2015;Lim, et al, 2019;Liu, et al, 2014;Nomura, et al, 2009;Paganin, 2011;Pile, 2010;Qu, et al, 2020;Treacy, 2013;Zhu, et al, 2021), ya que los sistemas de encriptación de software (algoritmos digitales) (Kaur, et al, 2021) y hardware (dispositivos electrónicos) comercialmente disponibles, que en un principio se pensaron invulnerables, ya pueden quebrantarse (Karimi, et al, 2021;Lázaro, et al, 2021;Mughaid, et al, 2021). Los sistemas de protección basados en el procesamiento óptico han demostrado su potencialidad, versatilidad y aplicabilidad principalmente por su capacidad inherente de procesar en paralelo y la gran confiabilidad de sus grados de libertad, así como el uso de llaves de seguridad físicas en lugar de llaves digitales (Barrera-Ramírez, et al, 2015a;Gluckstad & Riso, 2005;Javidi, 2003;Javidi, et al, 2010;Javidi & Tajahuerce, 2007;Wang & Schipf, 2019a).…”