A survey on undiagnosed active pulmonary tuberculosis among pregnant mothers in mekelle and surrounding Districts in Tigray, Ethiopia

Abstract

Objective/BackgroundTo determine the prevalence of undiagnosed active pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) cases and sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of symptom combinations for undiagnosed TB infection in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive and HIV-negative pregnant mothers attending antenatal care (ANC) clinics. Mycobacterium TB and HIV are the leading causes of death among women of reproductive age worldwide. Symptom screening is the final step in the World Health Organization (WHO)-recommended TB intensified case finding algorithm for people living with HIV. However, the symptom-based PTB screening method for pregnant mothers is suboptimal and needs further optimization as some of the symptoms are obscured by the physiological changes during pregnancy.Materials and MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study, which was conducted from June 2014 to May 2015 at 16 public health institutions in Mekelle and its surrounding areas. All pregnant mothers who visited the maternity clinics for routine ANC follow-up examinations were screened for PTB symptoms. Those who had at least 2 weeks of cough, in addition to other symptoms, were enrolled in the study. Sociodemographic and clinical data and sputum samples were collected by midwives and nurses. The sputum samples were shipped to the Tigray Regional Laboratory and stored at −80°C until TB culture was performed.ResultsBetween June 2014 and May 2015, 9600 pregnant mothers were screened for PTB symptoms. We collected 174 sputum samples from pregnant mothers who had ≥2 weeks of productive cough. The participant’s median age was 27.5 years (interquartile range, 24–31 years). During enrollment, 604 (6.28%) participants were HIV seropositive. Among the HIV-positive mothers, 17 (38.1%) were informed about their HIV status when they visited the health institutions for ANC follow-up, whereas the remaining 27 (61.9%) were already on antiretroviral therapy. All sputum samples (n = 174) were cultured using Löwenstein–Jensen medium at the Tigray Regional Laboratory. One of the 174 sputum samples was positive (+1) in Ziehl–Neelsen staining technique, and none of them was TB culture positive. During the study, at all study sites, no pregnant mother was even presumptively diagnosed and treated for TB during the routine ANC services.ConclusionAlthough the survey did not find any active PTB case among pregnant mothers, we identified 174 PTB-susceptive cases during the routine ANC services. Therefore, it was concluded that the integration of the WHO-recommended four-part symptom-based intensified case finding as one of the core components of ANC services can enhance the early detection of PTB, especially in high TB-burden countries.

Tuberculosis screening among pregnant women attending a tertiary care hospital in Puducherry, South India: is it worth the effort?

“…First, the yield of TB was abysmally low (0.02%) and a whopping 4203 women had to be screened to find one case of TB. This is one of the lowest yields of TB reported among pregnant women, barring a study from Ethiopia which reported a yield of 0.01% [21]. In contrast, the yield of TB varied from 0.1% to 1.6% in previous studies from Kenya, South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia and India [10,13,[21][22][23].…”

“…This is one of the lowest yields of TB reported among pregnant women, barring a study from Ethiopia which reported a yield of 0.01% [21]. In contrast, the yield of TB varied from 0.1% to 1.6% in previous studies from Kenya, South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia and India [10,13,[21][22][23]. The variation in yield might be explained by the differences in study population (whether only HIV-positive or all pregnant women were included), HIV prevalence, definitions of TB used and the background TB prevalence.…”

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“…As part of our sensitivity analyses, we excluded one large study [28]; estimates of TB-HIV co-infection prevalence did not change.…”

“…In this study, the I 2 was greater than 75% and hence the summary statistics were made using the random-effects models in which the individual study weight is the sum of the weight used in the fixed effects model and the between-study variability [27]. To analyze the basis of heterogeneity, we performed a sensitivity analysis by excluding one largest study [28] and by analyzing the groups according to the geographic area.…”

Retrospective Analysis of 28 Cases of Tuberculosis in Pregnant Women in China

“…Obviously, TB among pregnant women has public-health importance not only because of the risk of mortality and morbidity to the mothers, but also because it is harmful to the neonates 24 . Therefore, once pregnant women are diagnosed with active TB, action should be taken immediately 8 .…”