A Survey on the Adjuvant Role of Naloxone Alone or Combined with Alum in Vaccination Against Fasciolosis in BALB/c Mice

Azizi, Hakim; Mirzaeei, Hadi; Bagheri, Amin; Bazi, Ali; Khamesipour, Ali; Yaghoobi, Hajar; Mirzapour, Aliyar; Khatami, Mehrdad; Elikaee, Samira

doi:10.2478/s11686-019-00030-2

Cited by 1 publication

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“…The main reason was that Freund’s adjuvant could damage host tissues and induce inflammation. Adjuvants are an important element of vaccines, as they help to enhance the hosts’ immune responses, and there are many adjuvants that had been used for vaccine testing, such as Freund’s, aluminum hydroxide (alum), and saponin Quil A. Alum adjuvant is an oil-in-water emulsion that has been licensed for human use by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and is safe for hosts [ 42 , 43 ]. Therefore, alum adjuvant is suitable for animal and human vaccine testing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combination Vaccines of Fasciola gigantica Saposin-like Protein-2 and Leucine Aminopeptidase

et al. 2023

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Saposin-like protein-2 (SAP-2) and leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) are major proteins involved in the digestive process of Fasciola gigantica (Fg). Both SAP-2 and LAP are highly expressed in F. gigantica; therefore, they could be vaccine candidates for fasciolosis. The aims of this study are (1) to observe the tissue expression of F. gigantica SAP-2 (FgSAP-2) and F. gigantica LAP (FgLAP) in F. gigantica by indirect immunofluorescence technique under confocal microscopy and (2) to test the vaccine potentials of individual and combined recombinant (r) FgSAP-2 and rFgLAP against F. gigantica in Imprinting Control Region (ICR) mice (n = 10 per group). By indirect immunofluorescence-confocal microscopy, FgSAP-2 and FgLAP were localized in the caecal epithelium but at different sites: FgSAP-2 appeared in small granules that are distributed in the middle and lower parts of the cytoplasm of epithelial cells, while FgLAP appeared as a line or zone in the apical cytoplasm of caecal epithelial cells. For vaccine testing, the percent protection of combined rFgSAP-2 and rFgLAP vaccines against F. gigantica was at 80.7 to 81.4% when compared with aluminum hydroxide (alum) adjuvant and unimmunized controls, respectively. The levels of IgG1 and IgG2a in the sera were significantly increased in single and combine vaccinated groups compared with the control groups. Vaccinated mice showed reduced liver damage when compared with control groups. This study indicates that the combined rFgSAP-2 and rFgLAP vaccine had a higher vaccine potential than a single vaccine. These results support the further testing and application of this combined vaccine against F. gigantica infection in farmed livestock animals.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%