“…Second, product design and development almost exclusively involve digital media, making confidentiality protection more difficult, and ostensibly more critical, than in manufacturing contexts (Massimino et al, 2018). Third, confidentiality performance is paramount as confidentiality losses may severely erode product sales and revenue streams (Craig, 2005; Gomes, Cerqueira, & Almeida, 2015; Han et al, 2014; Lu et al, 2019; Ma et al, 2014). Fourth, confidentiality losses (i.e., when the product is leaked to an illegal‐channel market) can be reliably identified in this industry (Craig, 2005; Massimino et al, 2017), remedying a nontrivial data‐availability problem facing similar empirical research (Massimino et al, 2018).…”