A survey on smart parking systems in urban cities

Abstract

Summary Parking vehicles in densely populated areas are often challenging, stressful, and sometimes it becomes a monotonous job for the drivers in jam‐packed areas. There are several reasons for the delay in finding parking spaces such as scarcity of parking slots, disordered or unmanaged parking of vehicles, lacking or unaware of parking information at the destination, which further leads to the wastage of time, fuel, energy and increase in environmental pollution. Literature has revealed a significant number of smart parking solutions based on the Internet of Things (IoT) and context‐awareness with the incorporation of routing strategies and vehicle detection techniques in a pervasive computing environment. With the rapid escalation of the smart and intelligent devices along with their applicability in a highly decentralized environment, real‐time traffic monitoring, and finding parking spaces have become quite trivial. Smart parking sensors and technologies assist drivers in finding vacant parking slots while they are on the way to their destination. Considering the needs, wants, and demands of metropolitan cities, in this article, we have reviewed the recently published articles, mostly from the last 5 years, on smart parking systems augmented with sensors, embedded systems, context‐awareness capability, and IoT which yields in saving time, fuel, energy, and reduces the stress of the drivers. To accomplish this, we have reviewed different models on smart parking solutions based on algorithmic formalisms, theoretical frameworks, formal models, smart device‐based prototypes as well as real‐time applications, and verifying the correctness properties of the system. The results shown may provide a base for the state of the art future research directions.

IoT-based parking surveillance scheme: Emerging a smart, effective, and secured solution for urban parking management and performance improvement

“…The IoT is a critical factor in shaping the following intelligent environments. IoT has become increasingly comprehensive, including several applications such as medical care, services, and transportation [5]. The IoT facilitates various technologies for operation across diverse applications and provides environmental advantages.…”

“…Smart City applications need significant computing resources to handle and store large amounts of data. Cloud computing is generally acknowledged as the optimal platform for processing large amounts of information and carrying out artificial intelligence activities [5,6]. However, because of the rapid expansion of urban statistics, cloud computing is no longer the most efficient option in many circumstances.…”

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“…The benefits of smart parking can be summarized as follows: a-This facilitates drivers to park in proximity to their destinations, thereby providing heightened convenience [31] . b-It ensures equitable distribution of parking opportunities among all drivers [32]. c-Effectively managed on-street parking, where users pay for their occupied time, can serve as a substantial revenue stream for urban areas [17,26].…”

“…This innovative approach eliminates the need for drivers to display physical tickets on their dashboards. Instead, the system associates the payment with the vehicle's license plate number, streamlining the process, enhancing security, and simplifying enforcement efforts [32,[39][40][41].…”

How Does the Built Environment Affect Mechanical Parking Space Planning: A Case Study in Xi’an City

“…Modern mechanical parking systems use the central controller, data collection, analysis, and processing, and, ultimately, generate intelligent monitoring instructions and send them to the drive system, so as to achieve intelligent vehicle flow planning, parking access, and monitoring. The Smart Parking System (SPS), which uses IoT, AI, and multiagent systems, can better organize parking lots and manage traffic [3]. The core concept of the system is to automatically allocate parking spaces without human intervention.…”