A Survey on IoT Positioning Leveraging LPWAN, GNSS, and LEO-PNT

Janssen, Thomas; Koppert, Axel; Berkvens, Rafael; Weyn, Maarten

doi:10.1109/jiot.2023.3243207

Cited by 36 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…The specific simulation parameters are listed in Table I. To ensure the execution of the algorithm, we assume that our system is capable of compensating for Doppler effects and accurately predicting the positions of satellites [19]. For the MARL parameters, we set that the reply memory size is |M| = 16, the mini-batch size is 4, and the maximum training episode is T max = 6000.…”

Section: A Simulation Settingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Subterranean mMTC in Remote Areas: Underground-to-Satellite Connectivity Approach

et al. 2023

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Wireless underground sensor networks (WUSNs) promise to deliver substantial social and economic benefits across different verticals. However, many of the relevant application scenarios are located in remote areas with no supporting infrastructure available. To address this challenge, we conceptualize in this study the underground direct-to-satellite (U-DtS) connectivity approach, implying the reception of the signals sent by the underground massive machine-type communication (mMTC) sensors by the gateways operating on the low Earth orbit satellites. We start by discussing the two alternative architectures for enabling such networks and underline their features and limitations. Then, we employ simulations to model a smart-farming application scenario for studying the feasibility and performance of U-DtS mMTC based on LoRaWAN technology, with the focus on the effect of the parameters including the burial depths, soils characteristics, and communication settings. Our results reveal that the LoRa modulation fails to compete with the underground propagation losses and the high packets collision rate. However, the long range-frequency hopping spread spectrum (LR-FHSS) modulation is perspective for U-DtS networks and may enable connectivity for the subsurface nodes located at a depth of several dozens centimeters. Finally, we pinpoint the potential challenges and the research directions for future U-DtS studies.

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Section: A Simulation Settingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Subterranean mMTC in Remote Areas: Underground-to-Satellite Connectivity Approach

et al. 2023

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“…In addition, configuring LEO satellites to rebroadcast GNSS-like signals on other frequency bands can help these signals mitigate most atmospheric effects. Furthermore, LEO's higher signal strength can increase the availability of these signals in hard-to-reach places [4,[10][11][12][13]. Studies have also shown a significant improvement in positioning accuracy for users that receive their signals from LEO-augmented GNSS satellites [14,15].…”

Section: Introduction and Motivation 1leo-pnt Versus Gnssmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ionospheric Error Models for Satellite-Based Navigation—Paving the Road towards LEO-PNT Solutions

Imad,

Grenier,

Zhang

et al. 2023

Computers

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Low Earth Orbit (LEO) constellations have ecently gained tremendous attention in the navigational field due to their arger constellation size, faster geometry variations, and higher signal power evels than Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), making them favourable for Position, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) purposes. Satellite signals are heavily attenuated from the atmospheric ayers, especially from the ionosphere. Ionospheric delays are, however, expected to be smaller in signals from LEO satellites than GNSS due to their ower orbital altitudes and higher carrier frequency. Nevertheless, unlike for GNSS, there are currently no standardized models for correcting the ionospheric errors in LEO signals. In this paper, we derive a new model called Interpolated and Averaged Memory Model (IAMM) starting from existing International GNSS Service (IGS) data and based on the observation that ionospheric effects epeat every 11 years. Our IAMM model can be used for ionospheric corrections for signals from any satellite constellation, including LEO. This model is constructed based on averaging multiple ionospheric data and eflecting the electron content inside the ionosphere. The IAMM model’s primary advantage is its ability to be used both online and offline without needing eal-time input parameters, thus making it easy to store in a device’s memory. We compare this model with two benchmark models, the Klobuchar and International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) models, by utilizing GNSS measurement data from 24 scenarios acquired in several European countries using both professional GNSS eceivers and Android smartphones. The model’s behaviour is also evaluated on LEO signals using simulated data (as measurement data based on LEO signals are still not available in the open-access community; we show a significant eduction in ionospheric delays in LEO signals compared to GNSS. Finally, we highlight the remaining open challenges toward viable ionospheric-delay models in an LEO-PNT context.

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“…Standalone positioning services reach meter-level accuracies under open sky conditions. This has made GNSS the de-facto standard for many positioning applications [93]. Although GNSS can provide reliable and accurate location data anywhere globally, it is not the best solution for all localization problems.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the other hand, GNSS technology has relatively high energy consumption in its typical use case, which aligns poorly with the stringent constraints of batterypowered devices [21]. Therefore, more energy-efficient positioning alternatives like terrestrial Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWANs), such as LoRaWAN and Narrow-band IoT (NB-IoT), are gaining increasing popularity [93]. Also, in order to mitigate these two challenges, GNSS has been integrated with other technologies such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), or Inertial Navigation Systems (INS).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Remote Pedestrian Localization Systems for Resource-Constrained Environments: A Systematic Review

et al. 2023

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The steady increase in the number of elderly citizens represents a likelihood of an increased burden on the family, government, healthcare, and social services since many of these elderly people cannot live independently without assistance from a caregiver. As such, there is an increase in demand for services in terms of technologies to address the urgent needs of the aging population. Remote monitoring, which is based on non-invasive, non-intrusive, and wearable sensors, actuators, and communication and information technologies, offers efficient solutions that bridge the gaps between healthcare and where elderly people really want to live every day. The rate at which such platforms have been adopted is extremely low in lowdeveloped countries and rural areas, one of the main reasons being the lack or scarcity of some resources that these systems take for granted. In other words, these systems are designed for developed countries but are very much needed in resource-constrained environments as well. This study provides an in-depth, stateof-the-art systematic review of the current outdoor remote pedestrian localization systems to identify their suitability for resource-constrained environments. After checking 35 survey papers from the last ten years to the best of our knowledge, this is the first survey that investigates the suitability of existing pedestrian localization systems for a resource-constrained environment. This study is based on PRISMA guidelines to provide a replicable work and report the studies' main findings. A total of 37 works published between 2012, and January 2023 have been identified, analyzed, and key information that described the devices and tools used, communication technologies, position estimate technologies, methods, techniques and algorithms, and resource optimization strategies currently used by the localization systems was extracted to help us answer our question. The results indicate they are not fit for a resource-constrained environment as most assume the availability of infrastructures such as Wi-Fi, Internet, cellular networks, and digital literacy, among others, for their systems to operate properly, which are limited or not available in the resource-constrained environment described in this review.

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A Survey on IoT Positioning Leveraging LPWAN, GNSS, and LEO-PNT

Cited by 36 publications

References 66 publications

Subterranean mMTC in Remote Areas: Underground-to-Satellite Connectivity Approach

Subterranean mMTC in Remote Areas: Underground-to-Satellite Connectivity Approach

Ionospheric Error Models for Satellite-Based Navigation—Paving the Road towards LEO-PNT Solutions

Remote Pedestrian Localization Systems for Resource-Constrained Environments: A Systematic Review

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