A Survey on Illicit Drug Use among University Students by Binary Randomized Response Technique: Crosswise Design

Abstract

This paper aims to introduce Randomized Response Techniques (RRT's) and show that how RRT's are implemented in surveys in which sensitive behaviors are investigated. For this purpose, the most popular designs of the Binary RRT are summarized and an experimental study is conducted on drug use among dormitory students at a public university in Ankara, Turkey. Despite the wide applicability of the drug use studies in Turkey, surprisingly any applications using indirect questioning techniques are not observed in the literature. In this study, for the first time, drug use behavior is investigated with Crosswise design which is the most frequently used indirect questioning technique and indirect questioning method (Crosswise design) is compared with direct questioning method to evaluate the effectiveness of the RRT. Results revealed that when Crosswise design is provided on asking sensitive questions, considerably minor response refusals are happened and significantly higher drug-use estimates are observed.

Functionality of the Crosswise Model for Assessing Sensitive or Transgressive Behavior: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

“…We evaluated nine studies (Eslami et al, 2013 ; Nakhaee et al, 2013 ; Kazemzadeh et al, 2016 ; Heck et al, 2018 ; Mirzazadeh et al, 2018 ; Nasirian et al, 2018 ; Hoffmann et al, 2020 ; Özgül, 2020 ; Mieth et al, 2021 ) as presenting sensitive items that are unclear and subject to misinterpretation. Additionally, ten studies were evaluated (Eslami et al, 2013 ; Nakhaee et al, 2013 ; Kazemzadeh et al, 2016 ; Heck et al, 2018 ; Mirzazadeh et al, 2018 ; Nasirian et al, 2018 ; Banayejeddi et al, 2019 ; Hopp and Speil, 2019 ; Jensen, 2020 ; Meisters et al, 2020b ) as presenting sensitive items that are non-factual and judgmental.…”

“…We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis as well as quality assessment of empirical applications of CM Coutts et al, 2011;Jann et al, 2012;Korndörfer et al, 2014;Hoffmann et al, 2015Hoffmann et al, , 2017Höglinger et al, 2016;Kundt et al, 2017;Heck et al, 2018;Nasirian et al, 2018;Hopp and Speil, 2019;Lehrer et al, 2019;Safiri et al, 2019;Schnapp, 2019;Walzenbach and Hinz, 2019;Meisters et al, 2020b;Özgül, 2020Özgül, k = 7 Kundt, 2014Höglinger and Diekmann, 2017;Höglinger and Jann, 2018;Atsusaka and Stevenson, 2020;Hoffmann et al, 2020;Meisters et al, 2020a;Jerke et al, 2021 CM prevalence (k =18) Nakhaee et al, 2013;Kazemzadeh et al, 2016k = 9 Eslami et al, 2013Waubert de Puiseau et al, 2017;Banayejeddi et al, 2019;Klimas et al, 2019;Vakilian et al, 2019;Jensen, 2020;Lacker et al, 2020;Mieth et al, 2021k = 7 Shamsipour et al, 2014Vakilian et al, 2014Vakilian et al, , 2016Gingerich et al, 2015;…”

“…Of these, 49 pairs used specific birthday months with P ranging between 0.08 (1/12 months) and 0.25 (3/12 months). In five cases (Eslami et al, 2013;Nakhaee et al, 2013;Khosravi et al, 2015;Nasirian et al, 2018;Safiri et al, 2019), season (e.g., spring) was used which is open for interpretation Substance use and misuse Nakhaee et al, 2013;Shamsipour et al, 2014;Höglinger et al, 2016;Mirzazadeh et al, 2018;Banayejeddi et al, 2019;Safiri et al, 2019;Özgül, 2020;Canan et al, 2021Shamsipour et al, 2014Mirzazadeh et al, 2018;Safiri et al, 2019 Academic misconduct Coutts et al, 2011;Jann et al, 2012;Höglinger et al, 2016;Hopp and Speil, 2019;Jerke et al, 2021Coutts et al, 2011Jann et al, 2012;Jerke et al, 2021 Corruption, tax evasion, and theft Korndörfer et al, 2014;Kundt, 2014;Gingerich et al, 2015;Höglinger and Jann, 2018;Hopp and Speil, 2019;Oliveros and Gingerich, 2020 Health and STDs Mirzazadeh et al, 2018;Nasirian et al, 2018 Sexual behavior and infidelity Mirzazadeh et al, 2018;Klimas et al, 2019;Lacker et al, 2020 Substance use and misuse Khosravi et al, 2015;Kazemzadeh et al, 2016;Heck et al, 2018;…”

“…Online questionnaires (k = 21) Korndörfer et al, 2014;Kundt, 2014;Hoffmann et al, 2015Hoffmann et al, , 2017Höglinger et al, 2016;Höglinger and Diekmann, 2017;Waubert de Puiseau et al, 2017;Höglinger and Jann, 2018;Hopp and Speil, 2019;Klimas et al, 2019;Lehrer et al, 2019;Schnapp, 2019;Walzenbach and Hinz, 2019;Atsusaka and Stevenson, 2020;Jensen, 2020;Lacker et al, 2020;Meisters et al, 2020a;Canan et al, 2021;Jerke et al, 2021;Mieth et al, 2021 Paper questionnaires (k = 18) Coutts et al, 2011;Jann et al, 2012;Nakhaee et al, 2013;Shamsipour et al, 2014;Vakilian et al, 2014Vakilian et al, , 2016Vakilian et al, , 2019Khosravi et al, 2015;Kazemzadeh et al, 2016;Heck et al, 2018;Mirzazadeh et al, 2018;Nasirian et al, 2018;Banayejeddi et al, 2019;Safiri et al, 2019;Hoffmann et al, 2020;Meisters et al, 2020b;Özgül, 2020 Interviews (k = 4) Gingerich et al, 2015;Kundt et al, 2017;Oliveros and Gingerich, 2020 Interviews and questionnaires (k = 2) Eslami et al, 2013;Jerke e...…”