A survey on fragile watermarking based image authentication schemes

Raj, Nithin; Shreelekshmi, R.

doi:10.1007/s11042-021-10664-y

Cited by 31 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…Resistance against tampering attacks: To measure the resistance of the proposed scheme against tampering attacks, we used three metrics viz. True Positive Rate (TPR) or Tamper Detection Rate (TDR), True Negative Rate (TNR) and precision (p) [5]. PSNR is used to measure the similarity between recovered and original images.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…PSNR is used to measure the similarity between recovered and original images. Copy-move, image splicing, VQ and collage attacks [5] are simulated in each watermarked image at various tamper ratios. Figure 1 shows the visual performance of proposed scheme on tamper localization and recovery on sample images from CVG-UGR database [17].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They proposed another scheme [4] using Block Truncation Coding (BTC). In these schemes, the watermark generated for a block is placed in another block known as a mapping block to resist collage attack [5]. This causes misclassification of untampered blocks if their mapping block is tampered.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The watermarked image quality is low since the watermark is placed in the 4 Least Significant Bits (LSB) of image pixels. This scheme is vulnerable to four scanning attack since the watermark is less secure [5]. Shen et al [9] generated authentication information using Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) and recovery information using block average.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The schemes [12,13] can hide sensitive data like Electronic Patient Record (EPR) along with tamper localization. But these schemes are vulnerable to copy-move, Vector Quantization (VQ), collage and chosen coverimage attacks since the watermark is not protected [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Secure Image Authentication Scheme with Tamper Localization and Recovery

Raj¹,

Shreelekshmi²

2021

Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications

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This paper proposes a secure image authentication scheme that can locate the tampered regions, recover the lost contents and hide application-specific sensitive data. In this scheme, an encrypted watermark that comprises tamper localization, recovery and application-specific information is placed in the selected pixels, which is extracted and decrypted to identify the tampered regions, recover the tampered regions approximate to original image contents and extract the hidden data. The watermark is highly secure and sensitive to any modification in the image. The proposed scheme ensures lossless recovery of the original image and data from an untampered image. The experimental results show that this scheme generates watermarked image of high quality and has high resistance to copy-move, image splicing, vector quantization and collage attacks. As compared with state-of-the-art schemes, the proposed scheme provides better recovered image quality under extensive tampering.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

A Secure Image Authentication Scheme with Tamper Localization and Recovery

Raj¹,

Shreelekshmi²

2021

Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications

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A novel Frei‐Chen based fragile watermarking method for authentication of an image

Renklier

Öztürk

2022

Concurrency and Computation

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In recent years, the protection of the intellectual property rights of digital media has become a considerable issue. Especially using digital image editing tools has made it very easy and fast to manipulate images. Therefore, manipulation detection of digital images has become a necessity. This article presents a novel Frei‐Chen based self‐embedding fragile watermarking technique implemented to 3×3 blocks for image manipulate detection. The block key and the Frei‐Chen based block feature are calculated from the non‐overlapping image blocks of size 3×3. Exclusive‐OR operations are applied to the Frei‐Chen based block feature and the block key. After, a nine bit block authentication key is generated from the Frei‐Chen based block feature and the block key. Then the generated authentication key is embedded in the least significant bits of each block. Experimental results prove the effectiveness of the proposed method through the detection of the various attacks and obtain the excellent visual quality of watermarked images. Also, the results demonstrate that the proposed method detects all of the manipulated areas plainly.

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