A Survey on Electromagnetic Risk Assessment and Evaluation Mechanism for Future Wireless Communication Systems

Jamshed, Muhammad Ali; Héliot, Fabien; Brown, Tim

doi:10.1109/jerm.2019.2917766

Cited by 71 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 77 publications

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“…The ubiquitous electromagnetic (EM) wave pollutions accompanying the massive usage of wireless communication technologies have evolved into worldwide threats, which have harmful impacts on not only biological health but also normal operation of electronic devices [1][2][3]. To tackle this hazard, EM wave absorbing materials that are capable of converting EM energy into thermal energy or other forms of energy have drawn considerable attentions [4,5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enabling highly efficient and broadband electromagnetic wave absorption by tuning impedance match in high-entropy transition metal diborides (HE TMB2)

et al. 2021

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The advance in communication technology has triggered worldwide concern on electromagnetic wave pollution. To cope with this challenge, exploring high-performance electromagnetic (EM) wave absorbing materials with dielectric and magnetic losses coupling is urgently required. Of the EM wave absorbers, transition metal diborides (TMB2) possess excellent dielectric loss capability. However, akin to other single dielectric materials, poor impedance match leads to inferior performance. High-entropy engineering is expected to be effective in tailoring the balance between dielectric and magnetic losses through compositional design. Herein, three HE TMB2 powders with nominal equimolar TM including HE TMB2-1 (TM = Zr, Hf, Nb, Ta), HE TMB2-2 (TM = Ti, Zr, Hf, Nb, Ta), and HE TMB2-3 (TM = Cr, Zr, Hf, Nb, Ta) have been designed and prepared by one-step boro/carbothermal reduction. As a result of synergistic effects of strong attenuation capability and impedance match, HE TMB2-1 shows much improved performance with the optimal minimum reflection loss (RLmin) of −59.6 dB (8.48 GHz, 2.68 mm) and effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of 7.6 GHz (2.3 mm). Most impressively, incorporating Cr in HE TMB2-3 greatly improves the impedance match over 1–18 GHz, thus achieving the RLmin of −56.2 dB (8.48 GHz, 2.63 mm) and the EAB of 11.0 GHz (2.2 mm), which is superior to most other EM wave absorbing materials. This work reveals that constructing high-entropy compounds, especially by incorporating magnetic elements, is effectual in tailoring the impedance match for highly conductive compounds, i.e., tuning electrical conductivity and boosting magnetic loss to realize highly efficient and broadband EM wave absorption with dielectric and magnetic coupling in single-phase materials.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enabling highly efficient and broadband electromagnetic wave absorption by tuning impedance match in high-entropy transition metal diborides (HE TMB2)

et al. 2021

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“…Partially covered: authors briefly discussed the impact of strict regulations and the monitoring activities based on measurements. [18] 2020…”

Section: Not Coveredmentioning

confidence: 99%

Health Risks Associated With 5G Exposure: A View From the Communications Engineering Perspective

Chiaraviglio

Elzanaty²,

Alouini

2021

IEEE Open J. Commun. Soc.

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The deployment of the fifth-generation (5G) wireless communication services requires the installation of 5G nextgeneration Node-B Base Stations (gNBs) over the territory and the wide adoption of 5G User Equipment (UE). In this context, the population is concerned about the potential health risks associated with the Radio Frequency (RF) emissions from 5G equipment, with several communities actively working toward stopping the 5G deployment. To face these concerns, in this work, we analyze the health risks associated with 5G exposure by adopting a new and comprehensive viewpoint, based on the communications engineering perspective. By exploiting our background, we debunk the alleged health effects of 5G exposure and critically review the latest works that are often referenced to support the health concerns from 5G. We then precisely examine the up-to-date metrics, regulations, and assessment of compliance procedures for 5G exposure, by evaluating the latest guidelines from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP), the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), and the United States Federal Communications Commission (FCC), as well as the national regulations in more than 220 countries. We also thoroughly analyze the main health risks that are frequently associated with specific 5G features (e.g., multipleinput multiple-output (MIMO), beamforming, cell densification, adoption of millimeter waves, and connection of millions of devices). Finally, we examine the risk mitigation techniques based on communications engineering that can be implemented to reduce the exposure from 5G gNB and UE. Overall, we argue that the widely perceived health risks that are attributed to 5G are not supported by scientific evidence from communications engineering. In addition, we explain how the solutions to minimize the health risks from 5G (including currently unknown effects) are already mature and ready to be implemented. Finally, future works, e.g., aimed at evaluating long-term impacts of 5G exposure, as well as innovative solutions to further reduce the RF emissions, are suggested.

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“…Over the next decades, THz light sources will become miniaturized, powerful, cheap, and familiar to everyday life. To facilitate such practical THz applications, the safety of THz radiation for human health must be guaranteed [ 13 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

THz irradiation inhibits cell division by affecting actin dynamics

et al. 2021

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Biological phenomena induced by terahertz (THz) irradiation are described in recent reports, but underlying mechanisms, structural and dynamical change of specific molecules are still unclear. In this paper, we performed time-lapse morphological analysis of human cells and found that THz irradiation halts cell division at cytokinesis. At the end of cytokinesis, the contractile ring, which consists of filamentous actin (F-actin), needs to disappear; however, it remained for 1 hour under THz irradiation. Induction of the functional structures of F-actin was also observed in interphase cells. Similar phenomena were also observed under chemical treatment (jasplakinolide), indicating that THz irradiation assists actin polymerization. We previously reported that THz irradiation enhances the polymerization of purified actin in vitro; our current work shows that it increases cytoplasmic F-actin in vivo. Thus, we identified one of the key biomechanisms affected by THz waves.

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A Survey on Electromagnetic Risk Assessment and Evaluation Mechanism for Future Wireless Communication Systems

Cited by 71 publications

References 77 publications

Enabling highly efficient and broadband electromagnetic wave absorption by tuning impedance match in high-entropy transition metal diborides (HE TMB2)

Enabling highly efficient and broadband electromagnetic wave absorption by tuning impedance match in high-entropy transition metal diborides (HE TMB2)

Health Risks Associated With 5G Exposure: A View From the Communications Engineering Perspective

THz irradiation inhibits cell division by affecting actin dynamics

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