“…For the last three decades, image-based crack detection (Mohan and Poobal, 2018;Koch et al, 2015) that include various image processing approaches, such as edge detection (Zhao et al, 2010;Hanzaei et al, 2017;Li et al, 2022), dynamic thresholding (Oliveira and Correia, 2009;Wang et al, 2021b), and different morphological operations (Anitha et al, 2021;Li and Zhao, 2021) have been the central focus for detecting damage in challenging real-world scenarios. However, the aforementioned methods are quite sensitive to noise and varying illumination intensities, and hence, not suitable in real-world complex conditions (Koch et al, 2015).…”