A Survey on Cluster Head Selection and Cluster Formation Methods in Wireless Sensor Networks

Abstract

In recent years, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have been growing rapidly because of their ability to sense data, communicate wirelessly, and compute data efficiently. These networks contain small and low-powered sensor nodes that organize and configure themselves to carry out their functions. Even though WSNs are cheap, easy to deploy, flexible, and efficient, there are some challenges in terms of energy efficiency and network lifetime. Clustering in WSNs is the most reliable solution for the challenges, in which nodes are grouped into few clusters, and a cluster head (CH) is selected for data aggregation and data transfer to the base station (BS). However, there are still many challenges such as energy hole and isolated node problems that exist because of inefficient CH selection and cluster formation methods. In this work, we comprehensively reviewed various nonmetaheuristic and metaheuristic methods for CH selection and cluster formation that are used in networks from various environmental settings, for a better understanding of how the aforementioned problems are tackled by some authors. Moreover, the methods’ parameter settings, advantages, limitations, and future directions are presented with a brief performance summary of the approaches.

Information Security Protection of Internet of Energy Using Ensemble Public Key Algorithm under Big Data

“…It sets the initial basic parameters for the encryption method, including the system public parameter param and the master key s used to generate the user's private key. PKG saves the master key s and makes other information public [32].…”

GWO Optimized LEACH CRT-Based Forwarding Scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks Energy Optimization

“…In addition, efficient data transfer is another problem faced in WSNs due to mismanagements that led to increase in the packet payload size, which directly increases the probability of dropping data packets. Consequently, the retransmission of the data packets consume more energy as well (Shehadeh, Idna Idris, Ahmedy, Ramli, & Mohamed Noor, 2018;Raj, Ahmedy, Idna Idris, & Md Noor, 2022). The corporate architecture, routing strategy, power management processes, security concerns, and sensor node sensing capabilities are only a few of the study directions that are available for WSNs (Khan et al, 2021).…”

A Distributed Particle-Swarm-Optimization-Based Fuzzy Clustering Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

“…Thus, energy saving for nodes powered by batteries has always been extremely important for WSNs to prolong their network lifespan as much as impossible [ 1 , 2 ]. Clustering has been extensively validated to be an effective method for reducing energy, increasing scalability, decreasing delay, and enhancing network lifetime [ 3 ].…”

“…Clustering is used to dynamically organize the network by dividing the nodes into a certain number of clusters [ 3 , 4 ]. In a cluster, a node with the best resources is selected as the cluster head (CH), which is responsible for cluster management, data collection, aggregation, and transferring, while the other nodes become cluster members (CMs) and send their sensed data to the CHs.…”