A Survey on Challenges and Progresses in Blockchain Technologies: A Performance and Security Perspective

Zheng, Xiaoying; Zhu, Yongxin; Si, Xueming

doi:10.3390/app9224731

Cited by 56 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Performance (Question 7) is recognized as one of the major challenges for real-world implementation of blockchain systems [90]. This can be attributed to challenges associated with their scalability [91], particularly in the context of modulating between on-chain and off-chain storage and computation [9].…”

Section: Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

Test, Trace, and Put on the Blockchain?: A Viewpoint Evaluating the Use of Decentralized Systems for Algorithmic Contact Tracing to Combat a Global Pandemic

Platt

Hasselgren

Román-Belmonte

et al. 2021

JMIR Public Health Surveill

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The enormous pressure of the increasing case numbers experienced during the COVID-19 pandemic has given rise to a variety of novel digital systems designed to provide solutions to unprecedented challenges in public health. The field of algorithmic contact tracing, in particular, an area of research that had previously received limited attention, has moved into the spotlight as a crucial factor in containing the pandemic. The use of digital tools to enable more robust and expedited contact tracing and notification, while maintaining privacy and trust in the data generated, is viewed as key to identifying chains of transmission and close contacts, and, consequently, to enabling effective case investigations. Scaling these tools has never been more critical, as global case numbers have exceeded 100 million, as many asymptomatic patients remain undetected, and as COVID-19 variants begin to emerge around the world. In this context, there is increasing attention on blockchain technology as a part of systems for enhanced digital algorithmic contact tracing and reporting. By analyzing the literature that has emerged from this trend, the common characteristics of the designs proposed become apparent. An archetypal system architecture can be derived, taking these characteristics into consideration. However, assessing the utility of this architecture using a recognized evaluation framework shows that the added benefits and features of blockchain technology do not provide significant advantages over conventional centralized systems for algorithmic contact tracing and reporting. From our study, it, therefore, seems that blockchain technology may provide a more significant benefit in other areas of public health beyond contact tracing.

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Section: Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

Test, Trace, and Put on the Blockchain?: A Viewpoint Evaluating the Use of Decentralized Systems for Algorithmic Contact Tracing to Combat a Global Pandemic

Platt

Hasselgren

Román-Belmonte

et al. 2021

JMIR Public Health Surveill

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show abstract

“…The security and performance of underlying BC technologies and architectures are being improved to meet the requirements of the IoT [20]. At the same time, some of the key challenges of the IoT are being addressed by the BC, too [21].…”

Section: A) Illustrative Use Casesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Secure Modular Smart Contract Platform for Multi-Tenant 5G Applications

2020

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Trusted decentralized applications based on distributed ledger technologies provide many potential opportunities to 5G applications and verticals, as well as in fifth generation mobile network (5G) enabling technologies, systems, and services. Apart from the tamper-proof exchange of transactions, distributed ledgers can provide a software environment for the trusted execution of smart contracts. In this paper, we explore the security aspects of decentralized applications and, in particular, the security of smart contracts. Distributed ledger characteristics impose distinct requirements on smart contract design, implementation, deployment, and management. We briefly present the approach to the development of secure smart contracts, and highlight key smart contract vulnerabilities and the developer tools supporting smart contract security. We developed a secure, upgradeable modular multi-contract platform. It combines per-contract Smart Contract Tunnels and per-user-based access control to minimize vulnerabilities. The smart contract platform is comprised of service-agnostic, auxiliary, and service-specific smart contracts. It can be therefore easily adapted to different 5G application verticals. For illustration and evaluation, we elaborated on the proposed solution on a case of smart electric charging. During the design and development, state-of-the-art code analysis was applied. Finally, we propose an architecture for the integration of the secure multi-contract platform into a 5G architecture. The integration proposal utilizes hybrid private-public blockchain networks for possible security, scalability, performance, and transaction cost optimization.

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“…Existing research on IoT applications (including PMSs incorporating portable, low-energy sensor nodes) has shown a special interest on achieving an appropriate equilibrium regarding the trade-off between performance and security (e.g., [101]- [105]). To find such an equilibrium for PMSs, various software designs using the LoRa communication protocol have been proposed (e.g., [29], [102], [106]) that comprise the design of IoT applications from the sensor node to the data storage.…”

Section: Comparison With Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Merits of a Decentralized Pollution-Monitoring System Based on Distributed Ledger Technology

et al. 2020

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Pollution-monitoring systems (PMSs) are used worldwide to sense environmental changes, such as air quality conditions or temperature increases, and to monitor compliance with regulations. However, organizations manage the environmental data collected by such PMSs in a centralized manner, which is why recorded environmental data are vulnerable to manipulation. Moreover, the analysis of pollution data often lacks transparency to outsiders, which may lead to wrong decisions regarding environmental regulations. To address these challenges, we propose a software design for PMSs based on distributed ledger technology (DLT) and the long-range (LoRa) protocol for flexible, transparent, and energy-efficient environment monitoring and data management. To design the PMS, we conducted a comprehensive requirements analysis for PMSs. We benchmarked different consensus mechanisms (e.g., BFT-SMaRt and Raft) and digital signature schemes (e.g., ECDSA and EdDSA) to adequately design the PMS and fulfill the identified requirements. On this basis, we designed and implemented a prototype PMS and evaluated it in the field. The evaluation shows the effectiveness of DLT-based PMSs that include portable low-energy sensor nodes and demonstrates the applicability of the proposed software design for PMSs in contexts other than air pollution.INDEX TERMS Blockchain, distributed ledger technology, Internet of Things (IoT), LoRa, low-energy sensors, pollution monitoring systems

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A Survey on Challenges and Progresses in Blockchain Technologies: A Performance and Security Perspective

Cited by 56 publications

References 40 publications

Test, Trace, and Put on the Blockchain?: A Viewpoint Evaluating the Use of Decentralized Systems for Algorithmic Contact Tracing to Combat a Global Pandemic

Test, Trace, and Put on the Blockchain?: A Viewpoint Evaluating the Use of Decentralized Systems for Algorithmic Contact Tracing to Combat a Global Pandemic

Secure Modular Smart Contract Platform for Multi-Tenant 5G Applications

The Merits of a Decentralized Pollution-Monitoring System Based on Distributed Ledger Technology

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