A Survey on Blockchain Consensus with a Performance Comparison of PoW, PoS and Pure PoS

Lepore, Cristian; Ceria, Michela; Visconti, Andrea; Rao, Udai Pratap; Shah, Keval; Zanolini, Luca

doi:10.3390/math8101782

Cited by 75 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Apparently, compared with PoW, PoS is more environmentally friendly. Besides, less computation will further enhance the network transaction speed as well as the throughput [16]. There are currently two types of PoS consensus models: Chain-based Proof-of-Stake and Consortium Consensus model [14].…”

Section: Alternative Consensus Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blockchain-Empowered Mobile Edge Intelligence, Machine Learning and Secure Data Sharing

Du¹,

Miao²,

Tong³

et al. 2022

Blockchain Potential in AI

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Driven by recent advancements in machine learning, mobile edge computing (MEC) and the Internet of things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI) has become an emerging technology. Traditional machine learning approaches require the training data to be collected and processed in centralized servers. With the advent of new decentralized machine learning approaches and mobile edge computing, the IoT on-device data training has now become possible. To realize AI at the edge of the network, IoT devices can offload training tasks to MEC servers. However, those distributed frameworks of edge intelligence also introduce some new challenges, such as user privacy and data security. To handle these problems, blockchain has been considered as a promising solution. As a distributed smart ledger, blockchain is renowned for high scalability, privacy-preserving, and decentralization. This technology is also featured with automated script execution and immutable data records in a trusted manner. In recent years, as quantum computers become more and more promising, blockchain is also facing potential threats from quantum algorithms. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the current state-of-the-art in these cutting-edge technologies by summarizing the available literature in the research field of blockchain-based MEC, machine learning, secure data sharing, and basic introduction of post-quantum blockchain. We also discuss the real-world use cases and outline the challenges of blockchain-empowered intelligence.

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Section: Alternative Consensus Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blockchain-Empowered Mobile Edge Intelligence, Machine Learning and Secure Data Sharing

Du¹,

Miao²,

Tong³

et al. 2022

Blockchain Potential in AI

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Penalties are particularly severe on major public permissionless blockchains, where data validation and replication are subject to proof-of-work or chain-based proof-of-stake consensus protocols that are characterized by allowing a throughput of only tens of transactions per second [95].…”

Section: Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…What all consensus protocols have in common is that coordination among nodes or members is required, which imposes penalties on throughput in exchange for distributed networks of shared trust. Penalties are particularly severe on major public permissionless blockchains, where data validation and replication are subject to proof-of-work or chain-based proof-of-stake consensus protocols that are characterized by allowing a throughput of only tens of transactions per second [ 95 ].…”

Section: Algorithmic Contact Tracingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Test, Trace, and Put on the Blockchain?: A Viewpoint Evaluating the Use of Decentralized Systems for Algorithmic Contact Tracing to Combat a Global Pandemic

Platt

Hasselgren

Román-Belmonte

et al. 2021

JMIR Public Health Surveill

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The enormous pressure of the increasing case numbers experienced during the COVID-19 pandemic has given rise to a variety of novel digital systems designed to provide solutions to unprecedented challenges in public health. The field of algorithmic contact tracing, in particular, an area of research that had previously received limited attention, has moved into the spotlight as a crucial factor in containing the pandemic. The use of digital tools to enable more robust and expedited contact tracing and notification, while maintaining privacy and trust in the data generated, is viewed as key to identifying chains of transmission and close contacts, and, consequently, to enabling effective case investigations. Scaling these tools has never been more critical, as global case numbers have exceeded 100 million, as many asymptomatic patients remain undetected, and as COVID-19 variants begin to emerge around the world. In this context, there is increasing attention on blockchain technology as a part of systems for enhanced digital algorithmic contact tracing and reporting. By analyzing the literature that has emerged from this trend, the common characteristics of the designs proposed become apparent. An archetypal system architecture can be derived, taking these characteristics into consideration. However, assessing the utility of this architecture using a recognized evaluation framework shows that the added benefits and features of blockchain technology do not provide significant advantages over conventional centralized systems for algorithmic contact tracing and reporting. From our study, it, therefore, seems that blockchain technology may provide a more significant benefit in other areas of public health beyond contact tracing.

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“…Although RSA is being used in this work, other public-key cryptography can be used, such as elliptic curve cryptography (ECC). The algorithm uses two keys, public and private, forming a relevant pair [34,35]. Public keys are typically used as an address, account number, or id of an entity and can be shared with other users on the network [35,36], through a trusted third party.…”

Section: Healthcare Blockchain Layered Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The hashed value is encrypted using the query node private key to generate a digital signature. Digital signature (DS) is a mathematical technique that verifies the authenticity and ensures the integrity of the transaction [34,43]. A valid DS shows that the content is original as was sent and the sender is authentic [36].…”

Section: Shard Formationmentioning

confidence: 99%

MedShard: Electronic Health Record Sharing Using Blockchain Sharding

2021

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Electronic health records (EHRs) are important assets of the healthcare system and should be shared among medical practitioners to improve the accuracy and efficiency of diagnosis. Blockchain technology has been investigated and adopted in healthcare as a solution for EHR sharing while preserving privacy and security. Blockchain can revolutionize the healthcare system by providing a decentralized, distributed, immutable, and secure architecture. However, scalability has always been a bottleneck in blockchain networks due to the consensus mechanism and ledger replication to all network participants. Sharding helps address this issue by artificially partitioning the network into small groups termed shards and processing transactions parallelly while running consensus within each shard with a subset of blockchain nodes. Although this technique helps resolve issues related to scalability, cross-shard communication overhead can degrade network performance. This study proposes a transaction-based sharding technique wherein shards are formed on the basis of a patient’s previously visited health entities. Simulation results show that the proposed technique outperforms standard-based healthcare blockchain techniques in terms of the number of appointments processed, consensus latency, and throughput. The proposed technique eliminates cross-shard communication by forming complete shards based on “the need to participate” nodes per patient.

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A Survey on Blockchain Consensus with a Performance Comparison of PoW, PoS and Pure PoS

Cited by 75 publications

References 34 publications

Blockchain-Empowered Mobile Edge Intelligence, Machine Learning and Secure Data Sharing

Blockchain-Empowered Mobile Edge Intelligence, Machine Learning and Secure Data Sharing

Test, Trace, and Put on the Blockchain?: A Viewpoint Evaluating the Use of Decentralized Systems for Algorithmic Contact Tracing to Combat a Global Pandemic

MedShard: Electronic Health Record Sharing Using Blockchain Sharding

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