A Survey on Adaptive Data Rate Optimization in LoRaWAN: Recent Solutions and Major Challenges

Long-range wireless connectivity technologies for sensors and actuators open the door for a variety of new Internet of Things (IoT) applications. These technologies can be deployed to establish new monitoring capabilities and enhance efficiency of services in a rich diversity of domains. Low energy consumption is essential to enable battery-powered IoT nodes with a long autonomy. This paper explains the challenges posed by combining low-power and long-range connectivity. An energy breakdown demonstrates the dominance of transmit and sleep energy. The principles for achieving both low-power and wide-area are outlined, and the landscape of available networking technologies that are suited to connect remote IoT nodes is sketched. The typical anatomy of such a node is presented, and the subsystems are zoomed into. The art of designing remote IoT devices requires an application-oriented approach, where a meticulous design and smart operation are essential to grant a long battery life. In particular we demonstrate the importance of strategies such as “think before you talk” and “race to sleep”. As maintenance of IoT nodes is often cumbersome due to being deployed at hard to reach places, extending the battery life of these devices is critical. Moreover, the environmental impact of batteries further demonstrates the need for a longer battery life in order to reduce the number of batteries used.

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The maximal tolerable loss or Maximum Coupling Loss (MCL) is defined for each of these coverage levels, i.e., 144

, 154

, 164

Section: Low-power Wide-area Network: the Technological Landscapementioning

confidence: 99%

The Art of Designing Remote IoT Devices—Technologies and Strategies for a Long Battery Life

Callebaut

Mulders

Ottoy

et al. 2021

“…We can see that different symbols lead to different initial positions, which indicates that the initial point of each chirp is used for data modulation. The Spreading Factor (SF), Bandwidth (BW), and Coding Rate (CR) are the modulation parameters of LoRa [28]. LoRa uses multiple chips to represent data from payload information.…”

Section: Loramentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Spreading Factor (SF), Bandwidth (BW), and Coding Rate (CR) are the modulation parameters of LoRa [ 28 ]. LoRa uses multiple chips to represent data from payload information.…”

Section: Loramentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Evaluation of the Packet Reception Performance of LoRa

Guo

Yang

Wei

2021

LoRa technology is currently one of the most popular Internet of Things (IoT) technologies. A substantial number of LoRa devices have been applied in a wide variety of real-world scenarios, and developers can adjust the packet reception performance of LoRa through physical layer parameter configuration to meet the requirements. However, since the important details of the relationship between the physical layer parameters and the packet reception performance of LoRa remain unknown, it is a challenge to choose the appropriate parameter configuration to meet the requirements of the scenarios. Moreover, with the increase in application scenarios, the requirements for energy consumption become increasingly high. Therefore, it is also a challenge to know how to configure the parameters to maximize the energy efficiency while maintaining a high data rate. In this work, a complex evaluation experiment on the communication capability under a negative Signal to Noise Ratio is presented, and the specific details of the relationship between physical layer parameters and the packet reception performance of LoRa are clarified. Furthermore, we study the impact of the packet length on the packet reception performance of LoRa, and the experimental results show that when there is a large amount of data to be transmitted, it is better to choose long packets instead of short packets. Finally, considering the influence of physical layer parameters and the packet length on the packet reception performance of LoRa, the optimal parameter combination is explored, so as to propose a transmission scheme with a balanced reliability, delay, and energy consumption. This scheme is the first to consider the physical layer parameters and packet length together to study the communication transmission scheme, which reduces the communication time by 50% compared with the traditional transmission scheme and greatly reduces the energy consumption.

“…This technology is preferable because such communications happen when the devices are close to each other, ensures an adequate data-rate, and it is also available or easily integrable on both sensor processing board and handheld. The LoRaWAN protocol [ 17 ] is used for real-time automatic communications of sensing and telemetry data from sensor nodes to the gateway, as seen in other sensing measurement scenarios [ 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ]. This protocol is particularly suitable for these kinds of operational scenarios, ensuring a long distance of transmission without requiring the installation of infrastructural anchor nodes or repeaters.…”

Section: Corsair Architecturementioning

confidence: 99%

An Easily Integrable Industrial System for Gamma Spectroscopic Analysis and Traceability of Stones and Building Materials

Marini

Panicacci

Donati

et al. 2021

In the building material and stones market, lots of restrictions are coming in different world zones. In Europe, a recent regulatory set up the maximum level of radiological emissions for materials intended for use in public and private building structures. For this reason, companies need to have a very efficient radiological measurements system in their production chain, in order to respect all the rules and to be competitive in the world market. This article describes CORSAIR, a Cloud-Oriented Measurement System for Radiological Investigation and Traceability of Stones. Our cyber-physical system consists of sensing nodes network connected to a data collection gateway through LoRaWAN protocol, and interfaces with a centralized cloud application. CORSAIR introduces a fast, repeatable, real-time and non-destructive method to measure radiological emissions and other parameters of each single building material item, uniquely identified by an applied RFID tag. The validity of this system is confirmed by in-situ measurement campaign compared with high-precision laboratory analysis. The results demonstrate the accuracy of the CORSAIR sensor and the possibility to easily integrate it in the company production chain without any change.