Abstract:This book chapter aims to discuss the 3D ultrasound reconstruction and visualization. First, the various types of 3D ultrasound system are reviewed, such as mechanical, 2D array, position tracking-based freehand, and untrackedbased freehand. Second, the 3D ultrasound reconstruction technique or pipeline used by the current existing system, which includes the data acquisition, data preprocessing, reconstruction method and 3D visualization, is discussed. The reconstruction method and 3D visualization will be emp… Show more
“…Several different approaches could be used to analyze the contents of an entire three-dimensional sample volume. Transducers limited to twodimensional imaging (B-mode ultrasound) can be mechanically rotated or translated to scan and obtain a three-dimensional image of a sample volume [104]. Alternatively, matrix array transducers generate three-dimensional ultrasound images using beam-steering techniques, thereby avoiding the need to scan a volume by physically displacing a transducer.…”
Microplastics (MPs) have been found in aqueous environments ranging from rural ponds and lakes to the deep ocean. Despite the ubiquity of MPs, our ability to characterize MPs in the environment is limited by the lack of technologies for rapidly and accurately identifying and quantifying MPs. Although standards exist for MP sample collection and preparation, methods of MP analysis vary considerably and produce data with a broad range of data content and quality. The need for extensive analysis-specific sample preparation in current technology approaches has hindered the emergence of a single technique which can operate on aqueous samples in the field, rather than on dried laboratory preparations. In this perspective, we consider MP measurement technologies with a focus on both their eventual field-deployability and their respective data products (e.g., MP particle count, size, and/or polymer type). We present preliminary demonstrations of several prospective MP measurement techniques, with an eye towards developing a solution or solutions that can transition from the laboratory to the field. Specifically, experimental results are presented from multiple prototype systems that measure various physical properties of MPs: pyrolysis-differential mobility spectroscopy, short-wave infrared imaging, aqueous Nile Red labeling and counting, acoustophoresis, ultrasound, impedance spectroscopy, and dielectrophoresis.
“…Several different approaches could be used to analyze the contents of an entire three-dimensional sample volume. Transducers limited to twodimensional imaging (B-mode ultrasound) can be mechanically rotated or translated to scan and obtain a three-dimensional image of a sample volume [104]. Alternatively, matrix array transducers generate three-dimensional ultrasound images using beam-steering techniques, thereby avoiding the need to scan a volume by physically displacing a transducer.…”
Microplastics (MPs) have been found in aqueous environments ranging from rural ponds and lakes to the deep ocean. Despite the ubiquity of MPs, our ability to characterize MPs in the environment is limited by the lack of technologies for rapidly and accurately identifying and quantifying MPs. Although standards exist for MP sample collection and preparation, methods of MP analysis vary considerably and produce data with a broad range of data content and quality. The need for extensive analysis-specific sample preparation in current technology approaches has hindered the emergence of a single technique which can operate on aqueous samples in the field, rather than on dried laboratory preparations. In this perspective, we consider MP measurement technologies with a focus on both their eventual field-deployability and their respective data products (e.g., MP particle count, size, and/or polymer type). We present preliminary demonstrations of several prospective MP measurement techniques, with an eye towards developing a solution or solutions that can transition from the laboratory to the field. Specifically, experimental results are presented from multiple prototype systems that measure various physical properties of MPs: pyrolysis-differential mobility spectroscopy, short-wave infrared imaging, aqueous Nile Red labeling and counting, acoustophoresis, ultrasound, impedance spectroscopy, and dielectrophoresis.
“…3D freehand US imaging has been proposed to overcome the above limitations [5]. Current 3D US imaging methods can be categorized into three different types: mechanical scanning [6]- [8], 2D array scanning [9]- [11], and freehand scanning [12]- [16].…”
Among tracking techniques applied in the 3D freehand ultrasound, the camera-based tracking method is relatively mature and reliable. However, constrained by manufactured marker rigid bodies, the ultrasound probe is usually limited to operate within a narrow rotational range before occlusion issues affect accurate and robust tracking performance. Thus, this study proposed a hemispherical marker rigid body to hold passive noncoplanar markers so that the markers could be identified by the camera, mitigating self-occlusion. The enlarged rotational range provides greater freedom for sonographers while performing examinations. The single-axis rotational and translational tracking performance of the system, equipped with the newly designed marker rigid body, were investigated and evaluated. Tracking with the designed marker rigid body achieved high tracking accuracy with 0.57 • for the single-axis rotation and 0.01 mm for the single-axis translation for sensor distance between 1.5-2 m. In addition to maintaining high accuracy, the system also possessed an enhanced ability to capture over 99.76% of the motion data in the experiments. The results demonstrated that with the designed marker rigid body, the missing data was remarkably reduced from over 15% to less than 0.5%, which enables interpolation in the data post-processing. An imaging test was further conducted, and the volume reconstruction of a 4-month fetal phantom was demonstrated using the motion data obtained from the tracking system.
“…Finally, the approximation to the PDE is obtained by the anisotropic diffusion update function with (16). The approximation can result in a US image in which speckle noise is reduced, as shown in Fig.…”
“…To overcome the aforementioned disadvantages, 3D US is introduced [14], [15]. Free-hand scanning, 2D matrix array transducer, and mechanical scanning are representative techniques for 3D US with their pros and cons [14], [16]. Specifically, 3D US techniques are used and researched for various applications and the diagnosis of RCTs [17]- [21].…”
Rotator cuff tear (RCT) is a common injury that causes pain and disability in adults. The quantitative diagnosis of the RCT can be crucial in determining a treatment plan or monitoring treatment efficacy. Currently, only a few diagnosis tools, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasound imaging (US), are utilized for the diagnosis. Specifically, US exhibited comparable performance with MRI while offering a readily available diagnosis of RCTs at a lower cost. However, three-dimensional(3D) US and analysis of the regions are necessary to enable a better diagnosis of RCTs. Therefore, we developed a wide-field 3D US platform with a semi-automatic 3D image segmentation algorithm for 3D quantitative diagnosis of RCTs. The 3D US platform is built based on a conventional 2D US system and obtains 3D US images via linear scanning. With respect to 3D segmentation algorithm based on active contour model, frequency compounding and anisotropic diffusion methods were applied, and their effects on segmentation were discussed. The platform was used for clinical examination after evaluating the platform via the RCT-mimicking phantoms. As verified by the Dice coefficient(average DC: 0.663, volume DC: 0.723), which was approximately up to 50% higher than that obtained with conventional algorithms, the RCT regions segmented by the developed algorithm significantly matched the ground truth. The results indicated that the wide-field 3D US platform with the 3D segmentation algorithm can constitute a useful tool for improving the accuracy in the diagnosis of RCTs, and can eventually lead to better determination of treatment plans and surgical planning.INDEX TERMS 3D ultrasound, rotator cuff tear, 3D image segmentation, active contour.
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