A survey of the prevalence and distribution of proliferative kidney disease (PKD) in England and Wales

Seagrave, Chris; Bucke, D.; Hudson, Edsel; McGregor, David

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2761.1981.tb01155.x

Cited by 46 publications

(42 citation statements)

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“…The observation that high temperatures exacerbate the infection in F. sultana suggests that the warm waters of this water body may be detrimental to infected bryozoans and therefore to maintain the infection another host may be required. While salmonids are well documented as hosts for the parasite, there are reports of the Northern pike Esox lucuis being infected with an organism reminiscent of T. bryosalmonae (Seagrave et al 1981 ;Bucke et al 1991). This parasite was identified in the kidney and was ultrastructurally identical to T. bryosalmonae.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transmission of Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae (Myxozoa: Malacosporea), the causative organism of salmonid proliferative kidney disease, to the freshwater bryozoan Fredericella sultana

Morris

Adams

2006

Parasitology

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S U M M A R YProliferative kidney disease (PKD), caused by the malacosporean parasite Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae, causes significant losses among salmonids in Western Europe and North America. The role of salmonid fish in the life-cycle of this parasite has been conjectured upon for over a quarter of a century. To examine whether fish can transmit the infection to bryozoans, the known invertebrate host, water containing parasitized brown trout Salmo trutta was pumped into tanks containing colonies of Fredericella sultana collected from the wild. The specific parasite-free status of these colonies being first assessed, by PCR and prolonged laboratory culture. After 6 weeks exposure to the brown trout aquarium effluent, portions of these colonies displayed overt infections with T. bryosalmonae. This was in contrast to control bryozoans, derived from the experimental colonies prior to exposure, which remained T. bryosalmonae negative. In addition, spores obtained from the experimentally infected colonies were exposed to naïve rainbow trout, resulting in clinical PKD, thus completing a cycle of transmission. During the experiments, the infection was noted to inhibit statoblast formation within bryozoans and appeared to be pathogenic, finally killing the bryozoan host. These findings indicate that fish can transmit the parasite to bryozoans and are an integral part of this parasite's life-cycle.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transmission of Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae (Myxozoa: Malacosporea), the causative organism of salmonid proliferative kidney disease, to the freshwater bryozoan Fredericella sultana

Morris

Adams

2006

Parasitology

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“…The myxozoan-like stages found in pike (Seagrave et al 1981, Bucke et al 1991, Morris et al 2000 might be stages of other malacosporeans such as Buddenbrockia spp., of which 2 are described to date as parasites of bryozoans (Schröder 1910, Canning et al 2007); but no fish host has been identified yet for these malacosporeans. Morris et al (2000) used 4 monoclonal antibodies raised against T. bryosalmonae antigens and demonstrated reaction with stages in pike kidney.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These spores are probably released via the urine to the water where they presumably again infect bryozoan colonies . Most salmonid species are susceptible to PKD (Hedrick et al 1993) and one non-salmonid, northern pike (Esox lucius), has been reported to show myxozoan stages that resemble those from histological sections of PKD-infected trout (Seagrave et al 1981, Bucke et al 1991. These parasite stages could be stained with monoclonal antibodies raised against T. bryosalmonae antigens (Morris et al 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transmission of Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae (Myxozoa: Malacosporea) to Fredericella sultana (Bryozoa: Phylactolaemata) by various fish species

Grabner¹,

El-Matbouli²

2008

Dis. Aquat. Org.

127

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Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae is a myxozoan parasite of salmonids and freshwater bryozoans, which causes proliferative kidney disease (PKD) in the fish host. To test which fish species are able to transmit T. bryosalmonae to bryozoans, an infection experiment was conducted with 5 PKD-sensitive fish species from different genera. Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, brown trout Salmo trutta, brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis, grayling Thymallus thymallus and northern pike Esox lucius were cohabitated with T. bryosalmonae-infected Fredericella sultana colonies and then subsequently cohabitated with statoblast-reared parasite free Bryozoa. Statoblasts from infected colonies were tested by PCR to detect cryptic stages of T. bryosalmonae, which may indicate vertical transmission of the parasite. In this study, brown trout and brook trout were able to infect Bryozoa, while there was no evidence that rainbow trout and grayling were able to do so. Few interstitial kidney stages of the parasite were detected by immunohistochemistry in brown trout and brook trout, while rainbow trout and grayling showed marked proliferation of renal interstitial tissue and macrophages with numerous parasite cells. Intraluminal stages in the kidney tubules were only detected in brown trout and rainbow trout. In contrast to previous observations, pike was not susceptible to PKD in these trials according to the results of T. bryosalmonae-specific PCR. No DNA of T. bryosalmonae was detected in any statoblast.KEY WORDS: Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae · Myxozoa · Malacosporea · Bryozoa · Proliferative kidney disease · PKD · Host specificity · Transmission experiment Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherDis Aquat Org 79: [133][134][135][136][137][138][139] 2008 the parasite using brown trout Salmo trutta, in the study of Tops et al. (2004), no infection of Bryozoa could be achieved with PKD-infected brown trout, rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss or chinook salmon O. tschawytscha. It remains unknown in which fish host species T. bryosalmonae can form mature spores infective for Bryozoa. In the present study, different fish species were tested for the first time under laboratory conditions for their susceptibility to PKD and their subsequent capability to transmit T. bryosalmonae back to Bryozoa. We also took into account the possibility that the presence of cryptic parasite stages in bryozoan statoblasts could cause an overt infection when colonies start to grow. MATERIALS AND METHODSFish. Rainbow trout of the American Trout Lodge strain were raised from eggs in our specific pathogenic free (SPF) wet lab. Brown trout, brook trout and grayling were obtained as SPF fingerlings from 2 Bavarian hatcheries. Pike (10 to 15 cm) were obtained from a Bavarian hatchery. All fish were young of the year. Fish were maintained in aquaria with flowthrough dechlorinated tap water and fed on commercially available fish food or live fish (pike only) until they reached a size of 9 to 15 cm.Bryozoa. Infected bryozoa...

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“…Severe outbreaks of the disease were also noted in grayling (Thymallus thymallus) (Hoffmann & Dangschat, 1981). Northern Pike (Esox lucius) is the only nonsalmonid fish species, in which extrasporogonic stages similar to those of T. bryosalmonae were found (Seagrave et al, 1981, Morris et al, 2000a. It was observed that fish become resistant against reinfection with T. bryosalmonae after surviving the disease (Ferguson, 1981, Foott & Hedrick, 1987.…”

Section: Life Cycle Of Malacosporeansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transmission Biology of the Myxozoa

Yokoyama¹,

Grabner²,

Shirakashi³

2012

Health and Environment in Aquaculture

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A survey of the prevalence and distribution of proliferative kidney disease (PKD) in England and Wales

Cited by 46 publications

References 4 publications

Transmission of Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae (Myxozoa: Malacosporea), the causative organism of salmonid proliferative kidney disease, to the freshwater bryozoan Fredericella sultana

Transmission of Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae (Myxozoa: Malacosporea), the causative organism of salmonid proliferative kidney disease, to the freshwater bryozoan Fredericella sultana

Transmission of Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae (Myxozoa: Malacosporea) to Fredericella sultana (Bryozoa: Phylactolaemata) by various fish species

Transmission Biology of the Myxozoa

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