A Survey of Supramolecular Aggregation Based on Main Group Element⋯Selenium Secondary Bonding Interactions—A Survey of the Crystallographic Literature

Abstract

The results of a survey of the crystal structures of main group element compounds (M = tin, lead, arsenic, antimony, bismuth, and tellurium) for intermolecular M⋯Se secondary bonding interactions is presented. The identified M⋯Se interactions in 58 crystals can operate independent of conventional supramolecular synthons and can sustain zero-, one-, two, and, rarely, three-dimensional supramolecular architectures, which are shown to adopt a wide variety of topologies. The most popular architecture found in the crystals stabilized by M⋯Se interactions are one-dimensional chains, found in 50% of the structures, followed by zero-dimensional (38%). In the majority of structures, the metal center forms a single M⋯Se contact; however, examples having up to three M⋯Se contacts are evident. Up to about 25% of lead(II)-/selenium-containing crystals exhibit Pb⋯Se tetrel bonding, a percentage falling off to about 15% in bismuth analogs (that is, pnictogen bonding) and 10% or lower for the other cited elements.

Noncovalent Bonds through Sigma and Pi-Hole Located on the Same Molecule. Guiding Principles and Comparisons

“…Indeed, it is also of intense interest to examine the result when both of these bonds are present at the same time. As has already been ex- There have been a number of earlier reviews addressing the issue of σ-hole and πhole bonds [13,49,51,52,81,84,105,120,121]. However, little attention has been devoted to situations where both hole types are present on a single molecule, and the competition between the two for a nucleophile.…”

“…Quite the opposite from representing exotic or unusual contacts, these bonds make important contributions to numerous fields of chemistry and biology. As examples, understanding the forces behind crystal engineering and supramolecular chemistry benefits from a knowledge of σ-hole interactions due to their directionality, strength, and self-organization properties which promote formation of adducts in the solid state [ 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 ]. The importance of σ-hole bonding has also been verified in the context of anion recognition processes [ 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 ], materials chemistry [ 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 ], or biochemistry [ 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 ].…”

Supramolecular architectures sustained by delocalised C–I⋯π(arene) interactions in molecular crystals and the propensity of their formation

“…85 150 and 109, 173 impacting upon both the iodide donor and accepting arene ring, steric hindrance, competing or even complementary intermolecular interactions, etc. [239][240][241][242][243] In addition, the crystalline manifold and the conditions under which the crystallographic experiment is conducted, such…”

Characterising Supramolecular Architectures in Crystals Featuring I⋯Br Halogen Bonding: Persistence of X⋯X’ Secondary-Bonding in Their Congeners

“…Herein, in continuation of systematic surveys of non-covalent interactions operating in the crystals of main group element compounds [30][31][32][33][34][35][36] and more recently, halides participating in delocalised X• • • π(arene) interactions [37], an analysis of crystal structures included in the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD) [38] for a relatively rare class of secondary-bonding interaction is undertaken, namely hetero-halide interactions involving iodide interacting with bromide. As indicated above, iodide is anticipated to form the strongest halogen bonding interactions, at least under comparable conditions, and it was thought to be of interest to ascertain the robustness of this precept in the presence of its most potent likely competitor, namely bromide, in crystals where both elements are present.…”