A Survey of Structure of Atmospheric Turbulence in Atmosphere and Related Turbulent Effects

Abstract

The Earth’s atmosphere is the living environment in which we live and cannot escape. Atmospheric turbulence is a typical random inhomogeneous medium, which causes random fluctuations of both the amplitude and phase of optical wave propagating through it. Currently, it is widely accepted that there exists two kinds of turbulence in the aerosphere: one is Kolmogorov turbulence, and the other is non-Kolmogorov turbulence, which have been confirmed by both increasing experimental evidence and theoretical investigations. The results of atmospheric measurements have shown that the structure of atmospheric turbulence in the Earth’s atmosphere is composed of Kolmogorov turbulence at lower levels and non-Kolmogorov turbulence at higher levels. Since the time of Newton, people began to study optical wave propagation in atmospheric turbulence. In the early stage, optical wave propagation in Kolmogorov atmospheric turbulence was mainly studied and then optical wave propagation in non-Kolmogorov atmospheric turbulence was also studied. After more than half a century of efforts, the study of optical wave propagation in atmospheric turbulence has made great progress, and the theoretical results are also used to guide practical applications. On this basis, we summarize the development status and latest progress of propagation theory in atmospheric turbulence, mainly including propagation theory in conventional Kolmogorov turbulence and one in non-Kolmogorov atmospheric turbulence. In addition, the combined influence of Kolmogorov and non-Kolmogorov turbulence in Earth’s atmosphere on optical wave propagation is also summarized. This timely summary is very necessary and is of great significance for various applications and development in the aerospace field, where the Earth’s atmosphere is one part of many links.

Experimental study on scintillation effect of 13-km urban space laser communication based on space diversity technology

“…By measuring and analyzing this constant, the turbulent variation characteristics of different geographical environments can be understood, which is beneficial in objectively assessing the impact of the atmosphere on FSO. 19 Currently, the Davis' inequality is the commonly used method to distinguish turbulence intensity according to C 2 n . In this study, we used this method to divide the urban atmospheric turbulence intensity during the observation period; its specific expression is 20…”

“…Cn2 plays a crucial role in the study of light propagation and is one of the basic parameters in atmospheric optics. By measuring and analyzing this constant, the turbulent variation characteristics of different geographical environments can be understood, which is beneficial in objectively assessing the impact of the atmosphere on FSO 19 …”

Compensation of Atmospheric Turbulence Phase Distortion Using Neural Network Adaptive Optics

“…Eqs ( 3), (4), and (5) represent the mathematical expressions for the turbulence in each layer, with varying turbulence parameters and wave numbers [36][37][38]. where: z is a propagation distance that varies between z = 0 and z = L, is Kolmogorov turbulent index of refraction structure parameter in the boundary layer(has unit of m -2/3 ), is the non-Kolmogorov turbulent index of refraction structure parameter in the free troposphere (has unit of m -1/3 ), and is the non-Kolmogorov turbulent index of refraction structure parameter in the stratosphere(of m -2 units).…”

Extended model for environmental interaction in underwater ghost imaging

“…The large eddies are broken into small eddies by transferring kinetic energy, and the small eddies continue to broken until the kinetic energy of the fluid is completely converted into internal energy. Kolmogorov 25 supplemented the statistical description. The model defined the outer and inner scale of turbulence 0 L and 0 l , in their ranges (inertial subrange), the eddies are considered to coexist and turbulence can achieve dynamic equilibrium.…”