A Survey of Real-Time Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks

Rachamalla, Sandhya; Kancharla, Anitha Sheela

doi:10.5121/ijcses.2013.4303

Cited by 15 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…The goal of a Quality of Service (QoS) metric is to quantify a network's overall performance in terms of application requirements. In the context of industrial WSNs this is a multiobjective function that usually incorporates: end-to-end packet delay (timeliness), delivery reliability and energy efficiency [3].…”

Section: Qos In Industrial Wsnmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional Qos Metric For Lorawan Applications In Challenging Industrial Environment

Cameron

Naeem

2020

2020 16th IEEE International Conference on Factory Communication Systems (WFCS)

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Industry 4.0 applications rely upon timely and accurate data about plant and process within a production site. Whilst modern facilities tend to have this capability as a matter of course, older equipment may lack network connectivity. A lack of data-gathering capability represents a significant barrier-to-entry when undertaking any data-driven investigation or improvement programs. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) can be used as a flexible and low-disruption technique to acquire data at the point of interest, however the data stream is often lossy when deployed in harsh conditions without costly adaptations to the environment. This paper introduces the F-QoS metric which is able to classify the quality of the data stream from a WSN (using only packet reception timestamps), at user-defined sampling rates with a constraint placed upon the maximum amount of missing data. The resulting classifications can be used in an offline fashion to select periods of high-quality data for modelling, or, in an online manner to assess the realtime performance of a WSN. The F-QoS metric is applied to a LoRaWAN network in a large commercial bakery with a low-disruption installation-the network links are strained by large metal obstructions and the endpoints are installed inside metal cabinets. Each node transmits on a 10s cycle, and the analysis shows that >70% of the data is suitable for sampling at a 30s rate. The results indicate that LoRaWAN is capable of data acquisition in an unadapted and challenging environment, with the recommendation that the raw sample rate should be triple the desired final sample rate.

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Section: Qos In Industrial Wsnmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional Qos Metric For Lorawan Applications In Challenging Industrial Environment

Cameron

Naeem

2020

2020 16th IEEE International Conference on Factory Communication Systems (WFCS)

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“…Many Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) applications call for real-time communication where limited delay requirements have to be satisfied [1]. For example, in the industrial field, the quality of products needs to be monitored and communicated within a short while in order for an enhanced production performance [2][3][4][5]. Furthermore, the relevant parameters to the output performance of the industrial equipment (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy-Efficient and Reliable Routing for Real-time Communication in Wireless Sensor Networks

El-Fouly,

Kachout,

Ramadan

et al. 2024

Eng. Technol. Appl. Sci. Res.

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Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) can be part of a tremendous number of applications. Many WSN applications require real-time communication where the sensed data have to be delivered to the sink node within a predetermined deadline decided by the application. In WSNs, the sensor nodes' constrained resources (e.g. memory and power) and the lossy wireless links, give rise to significant difficulties in supporting real-time applications. In addition, many WSN routing algorithms strongly emphasize energy efficiency, while delay is not the primary concern. Thus, WSNs desperately need new routing protocols that are reliable, energy-efficient, and appropriate for real-time applications. The proposed algorithm is a real-time routing algorithm appropriate for delay-sensitive applications in WSNs. It has the ability to deliver data on time while also enabling communications that are reliable and energy-efficient. It achieves this by deciding which candidate neighbors are eligible to participate in the routing process and can deliver the packet before its deadline. In order to lessen the delay of the chosen paths, it also computes the relaying speed for each eligible candidate. Moreover, it takes into account link quality, hop count, and available buffer size of the selected relays, which leads to end-to-end delay reduction while also minimizing energy consumption. Finally, it considers the node's energy consumption rate when selecting the next forwarder to extend the network lifetime. Through simulation experiments, the proposed algorithm has shown improved performance in terms of packet delivery ratio, network lifetime packets miss ratio, average end-to-end delay, and energy imbalance factor.

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“…In addition to the energy and security constraints, WSNs face computing capability and bandwidth limitations [15]- [17]. To overcome these limitations, non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) has been considered a promising technique for EH WSNs to improve the system performance [18]- [21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimal System Performance in Multihop Energy Harvesting WSNs Using Cooperative NOMA and Friendly Jammers

So-In

Tran

et al. 2019

IEEE Access

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In this paper, we investigate the system performance of multihop energy harvesting (EH) wireless sensor networks (WSNs) with imperfect channel state information (CSI) using cooperative non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) and friendly jammers in the presence of multiple passive eavesdroppers (EAVs). Specifically, we propose a two-phase communication protocol consisting of EH and information transmission (IT). In the first phase, relays in all clusters harvest energy from power transfer station (PTS) signals. In the first time slot of the second phase, the gateway simultaneously broadcasts information and interference signals. In the subsequent time slots, a relay acting as a friendly jammer in each cluster uses the harvested energy to send an interference signal. Simultaneously, another EH relay applies the NOMA technique to transmit the information signal according to an optimal scheduling scheme based on the maximum signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) of a far user (MSm) and a near user (MSn). To ensure security performance, we propose an algorithm for determining the EH time constraint for a friendly jammer. Additionally, closed-form expressions for the outage probability and throughput of the considered system are derived. Accordingly, an optimal power allocation coefficient algorithm is proposed to achieve throughput fairness for pairs of users. The results of the mathematical analysis are verified by Monte Carlo simulations. Finally, the numerical results demonstrate that the MSn scheme is recommended for guaranteeing throughput fairness for pairs of users.INDEX TERMS Energy harvesting, multihop wireless sensor networks, imperfect CSI, NOMA, friendly jammer.

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A Survey of Real-Time Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks

Cited by 15 publications

References 20 publications

Functional Qos Metric For Lorawan Applications In Challenging Industrial Environment

Functional Qos Metric For Lorawan Applications In Challenging Industrial Environment

Energy-Efficient and Reliable Routing for Real-time Communication in Wireless Sensor Networks

Optimal System Performance in Multihop Energy Harvesting WSNs Using Cooperative NOMA and Friendly Jammers

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