A Survey of Rain Fade Models for Earth–Space Telecommunication Links—Taxonomy, Methods, and Comparative Study

Abstract

Satellite communication is a promising transmission technique to implement 5G and beyond networks. Attenuation due to rain begins at a frequency of 10 GHz in temperate regions. However, some research indicates that such attenuation effects start from 5–7 GHz, especially in tropical regions. Therefore, modeling rain attenuation is significant for propagating electromagnetic waves to achieve the required quality of service. In this survey, different slant link rain attenuation prediction models have been examined, classified, and analyzed, and various features like improvements, drawbacks, and particular aspects of these models have been tabulated. This survey provides various techniques for obtaining input data sets, including rain height, efficient trajectory length measurement techniques, and rainfall rate conversion procedures. No survey of the Earth–space link models for rain attenuation is available to the best of our knowledge. In this study, 23 rain attenuation models have been investigated. For easy readability and conciseness, the details of each model have not been included. The comparative analysis will assist in propagation modeling and planning the link budget of slant links.

Deep Learning Forecasting and Statistical Modeling for Q/V-Band LEO Satellite Channels

“…Details of such models are provided in [17] and references therein. Moreover, statistical models are the default method adopted in the recommendations by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU).…”

Scaling of Rain Attenuation Models: A Survey

“…The SAR method considers the percent of time exceeded with a rain rate. The statistical attenuation due to clear air is required to be calculated similar to (1). A significant disadvantage of such a model is that these apply only to the same pair of frequencies, for which the related coefficients are determined through the investigated datasets.…”

“…The instantaneous scaling technique is defined as the ratio of clear air attenuation (A CA ) at a high and low frequency, respectively. In the experiment [6], additional parameter time was considered representing the sample timings in (1). Usually, the rain attenuation value given by ( 1) is noisy, so a moving average filter is used to smooth the samples where the window duration is 30 s [6].…”

“…Rain attenuation is a significant impairment in terrestrial and satellite communications wave propagation, among other environmental disturbances [1,2]. Due to the Fourth Industrial Revolution, the demand to transfer the data volume is increasing [3].…”

An overview of rain attenuation research in Bangladesh

“…However, recently, the tendency of using an artificial neural network or deep learning-based rain attenuation models are proposed in the literature [24]. Thus merging the models in [23]- [26] a generalized rain attenuation model can be developed as shown in Figure 1 and this figure can be considered the "big-scenario" of the rain attenuation model to develop or apply the rain attenuation models. Here, the database section consists of the required parameters to develop the model.…”