“…Additionally, three major Russian nuclear weapons production facilities, Chelyabinsk, Tomsk, and Krasnoyarsk, located at the headwaters of the Ob and Yenisey Rivers, which°ow from the Urals into the Kara Sea, discharged over 10 18 Bq of radioactive materials into these two rivers since the early 1950s [2,3]. The announcement about direct dumping of waste into the Arctic Ocean and the potential for future contamination from materials in the Ob and Yenisey Rivers, raised questions regarding exposure of Alaskan native communities through their traditional food supplies, and potential e®ects on Alaskan¯sheries resources [4,5,6,7].…”