A Survey of Potential Health Hazards Due to Faulty Plumbing

Practical Aspects of Cross‐Connection, Inter‐Connection and Back‐Flow Protection

“…1191, Sec. 3) Explanation: "Check valves cannot be considered as an approved safety device. Vacuum breakers must be of an approved type-that is, they must be approved by a recognized testing laboratory of national standing.…”

“…The American Medical Association (1) thereafter recommended that faulty plumbing inter-connections along with those of polluted dual supplies be eliminated. The American Water Works Association (2,3), the American Society of Civil Engineers, and the American Public Health Association almost simultaneously adopted rigid requirements for water supply protection and plumbing hazard elimination for their convention hotels. A few cities subsequently amended their plumbing codes but it was not until 1938, and particularly in those cities where W.P.A.…”

“…The purposes of this paper include: 1. Development of a broader view of cross-connections and interconnections 2. Determination of the inherent causes of back-flow and backsiphonage 3. Classification of all types of cross-connections and interconnections 4.…”