“…Standards are being developed across the world to guide patient care interventions, increase provider awareness, and monitor outcomes of pain management (American Pain Society [APS], 1995[APS], , 1999American Society of Anesthesiologists, 1995;Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists, 2005;Berry & Dahl, 2000;National Health and Medical Research Council, 1999) though integrative reports reveal ongoing challenges in changing outcomes (Gordon et al, 2005;Max et al, 1991). Studies continue to demonstrate few changes during the past decade in the inadequacies of postoperative pain management (Dihle, Helseth, Kongsgaard, Paul, & Miaskowski, 2006;Gunningberg & Idvall, 2007;Lee, Chen, & Ngan Kee, 2003;Tzavellas et al, 2007). Mismanaging postoperative pain has a high price; it can lead to negative physiologic and psychological consequences, delay recovery, and have ethical and economic consequences (Kehlet & Dahl, 2003;Rosenberg & Kehlet, 1999).…”