A survey of nitrate and nitrite content of fruit and vegetables grown in Slovenia during 1996–2002

Sušin, J.; Kmecl, V.; Gregorčič, A.

doi:10.1080/02652030600573715

Cited by 76 publications

(78 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…In the present study, the nitrite concentrations in all tested samples were below the limit of quantification. This low concentration of nitrites is also comparable to the results obtained by Susin and co-workers (Sušin et al 2006). Using photometer-segmented flow method, they analyzed 924 samples and reported the nitrite contents below the limit of quantification (LOQ = 0.3 mg kg −1 ) in 378 samples (Sušin et al 2006).…”

Section: Concentration Of Nitrites and Nitrates In Cucumber Fruit Extsupporting

confidence: 69%

“…Vegetables are the main source of nitrates in human daily diets and represent about 85% of nitrates consumed daily (Sušin et al 2006). Although nitrates are not harmful, they may be reduced in saliva and a gastrointestinal tract to become more toxic nitrites which can react with amines or amides to form carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic N-nitroso compounds Cencič 2013, Menard et al 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several analytical procedures have been developed for the determination of nitrates and nitrites in vegetables, including cucumbers. Over the years, several approaches have been proposed, such as spectrophotometry (Bahadoran et al 2016;Rezaei et al 2014;Raczuk et al 2014;Gajewska et al 2009), spectrofluorimetry (Wang et al 2016;Shariati-Rad et al 2015), potentiometry (Tamme et al 2006), photometry (Sušin et al 2006), ion chromatography (Czajkowska et al 2014;Chung et al 2011;Menard et al 2008), and gas chromatography (Tietze et al 2007) as well as high-performance liquid chromatography (Temme et al 2011;Tamme et al 2010). Among them, the spectrophotometric methodology based on the reduction of nitrates to nitrites is traditionally used to determine their content in vegetables (International Standard ISO 6635).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous studies showed that the main attention was paid to various aspects of nitrate and nitrite presence in vegetables, including general monitoring (Kmecl et al 2017;Sušin et al 2006), seasonal variations (Chung et al 2011;Gajewska et al 2009), a difference between domestic and imported cucumbers (Tamme et al 2010), nitrogen fertilization and a nitrogen content in soils (Razgallah et al 2016), growth in greenhouses (Tamme et al 2010), various cooking methods which may affect a nitrate level (Vahed et al 2015;Chung et al 2011), and an assessment of a dietary risk (Menard et al 2008). Moreover, various studies have shown that the distribution of nitrates and nitrates is not uniform across different parts of a plant (Vahed et al 2015, Chung et al 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Spectrophotometric Assessment of the Differences Between Total Nitrate/Nitrite Contents in Peel and Flesh of Cucumbers

2018

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A spectrophotometric method based on the reduction of nitrates to nitrites was applied to the determination of the difference between total nitrate and nitrite contents in the extracts from the cucumber peel and flesh. The content of these ions was determined in glasshouse cucumbers and those grown in the open fields, both marketed in Poland. Nitrate and nitrite extraction was performed using the Griess diazotization reaction and carried out according to the ISO recommendation (ISO 6635, 1984). It was observed that the mean nitrate content in the peel was significantly higher (p < 0.0001) than the mean nitrate content in the flesh. It was also proved that cucumber peel accumulated nearly threefold higher amount of nitrates than the flesh. The nitrite concentrations in all tested samples were below the limit of quantification. Despite statistically significant differences in the nitrate contents between the peel and the flesh, no excessive levels were found. A comparison of the current results to those reported for Poland and other countries is also presented.

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Section: Concentration Of Nitrites and Nitrates In Cucumber Fruit Extsupporting

confidence: 69%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Spectrophotometric Assessment of the Differences Between Total Nitrate/Nitrite Contents in Peel and Flesh of Cucumbers

2018

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“…The defined approximate daily intake (ADI) of nitrates and nitrites to the human body were compared with the ADI acceptable in EU. The study was partly based on a previous investigation (Sušin et al, 2006) and was supplemented with new data of nitrate and nitrite daily intake estimates in the Slovene population.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the nitrate and nitrite content of vegetables commonly grown in Slovenia

2017

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Nitrate (NO3 -) and nitrite (NO2 -) levels of a total 1195 samples of nine different vegetables (lettuce, potato, cabbage, carrot, string beans, tomato, cucumber, cauliflower and pepper) collected at several locations of an intensive agricultural area in Slovenia were analysed during a period of 13 years. The content of NO2 -and NO3 -ions in commercial mature samples was determined using a segmented flow analyser. The average NO3 -content was the highest in lettuce (962 mg/kg), cabbage (795 mg/kg), string beans (298 mg/kg), carrot (264 mg/kg), cauliflower (231 mg/kg), potato (169 mg/kg) and was moderately high in cucumber (93 mg/kg) and pepper (69 mg/kg). A low NO3 -content was found in tomato (<10 mg/kg). The average values of NO2 -did not exceed 0.5 mg/kg, with the exception of potato (1.08 mg/kg). Six samples of lettuce exceeded the maximum permissible level of NO3 -according to current European Union (EU) legislation. Based on the results of our investigation, we assessed the approximate daily intake (DI) of NO3 -and NO2 -to human body. The results indicated that with the consumption of potato, the daily intake per inhabitant is close to the acceptable DI permitted in EU.

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Thyroid cancer risk and dietary nitrate and nitrite intake in the Shanghai women's health study

Aschebrook‐Kilfoy

Shu

Gao

et al. 2012

Intl Journal of Cancer

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Nitrate and nitrite are precursors in the endogenous formation of N-nitroso compounds and nitrate can disrupt thyroid homeostasis by inhibiting iodide uptake. We evaluated nitrate and nitrite intake and risk of thyroid cancer in the Shanghai Women’s Health Study that included 73,317 women, aged 40–70 years enrolled in 1996–2000. Dietary intake was assessed at baseline using a food frequency questionnaire. During approximately 11 years of follow-up, 164 incident thyroid cancer cases with complete dietary information were identified. We used Cox proportional hazards regression to estimate relatives risks (RRs). We determined the nitrate and nitrite contents of foods using values from the published literature and focusing on regional values for Chinese foods. Nitrate intake was not associated with thyroid cancer risk (RRQ4 = 0.93; 95%CI: 0.42–2.07; p for trend = 0.40). Compared with the lowest quartile, women with the highest dietary nitrite intake had about a two-fold risk of thyroid cancer (RRQ4 = 2.05; 95%CI: 1.20–3.51;) but there was not a monotonic trend with increasing intake (p for trend= 0.36). The trend with increasing nitrite intake from animal sources was significant (p for trend = 0.02) and was stronger for nitrite from processed meats (RRQ4 = 1.96; 95%CI: 1.28–2.99; p for trend <0.01). Although we did not observe an association for nitrate as hypothesized, our results suggest that women consuming higher levels of nitrite from animal sources, particularly from processed meat, may have an increased risk of thyroid cancer.

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A survey of nitrate and nitrite content of fruit and vegetables grown in Slovenia during 1996–2002

Cited by 76 publications

References 10 publications

Spectrophotometric Assessment of the Differences Between Total Nitrate/Nitrite Contents in Peel and Flesh of Cucumbers

Spectrophotometric Assessment of the Differences Between Total Nitrate/Nitrite Contents in Peel and Flesh of Cucumbers

Evaluation of the nitrate and nitrite content of vegetables commonly grown in Slovenia

Thyroid cancer risk and dietary nitrate and nitrite intake in the Shanghai women's health study

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