A survey of nematode control measures used by sheep farmers and of anthelmintic resistance on their farms Part 2: South Island excluding the Nelson region

A systematic review and meta-analysis of factors associated with anthelmintic resistance in sheep

“…at mating, before lambing) or management stages (e.g. at turn-out onto pasture) Quarantine: Incoming sheep are separated from the rest of the flock Mixed-species grazing: Simultaneous grazing of sheep with other species, most commonly cattle or horses Rotational grazing: Alternately grazing sheep, and other species, on the same pasture Strategic treatment: Anthelmintic treatments of the group that are aimed at identified potential periods of risk based on fecal egg count monitoring or clinical signs Targeted selective treatment: Treatment of those individual sheep that will most benefit from it (based on parasitological, pathological or physiological parameters) Pasture management: Grazing management strategies that reduce reliance on anthelmintics by decreasing the sheep's exposure to parasite burdens on pasture Rotation of anthelmintics: Changing the drug class used on the farm every one to two years Combination anthelmintics: Anthelmintic formulations combining two or more drug classes and administered to the animal at the same time Drench-and-shift: Treating the animals with anthelmintics, and then moving them immediately to pasture considered as free of, or with a low level of, contamination with gastro-intestinal nematodes, to reduce risk of re-infection Drench gun calibration: Emptying of the drench gun into a graduated measure device and adjusting to ensure that the drench gun is delivering the correct amount of anthelmintic drug Kettle et al (1981Kettle et al ( , 1982 Cross-sectional New Zealand Frequency of treatment Thiabendazole, Levamisole FECRT c Not specified Kumar and Yadav (1994) Cross-sectional India Frequency of treatment Benzimidazole FECRT c Not specified Lawrence et al (2006) and Waghorn et al (2006) Cross A manual search of references in recent reviews on the development of AR (Jackson and Coop, 2000;Leathwick et al, 2009;Kaplan and Vidyashankar, 2012) and management practices associated with AHR (Suter et al, 2004;Lawrence et al, 2006) was conducted. Finally, an email soliciting information on the topic was sent on two list-serves dedicated to the discussion of sheep health management issues (Sheepvets list-serve in the United Kingdom and the American Association of Small Ruminant Practitioners' list-serve in the United States) and to six experts in the field, to further identify literature that might not have been captured through our electronic search.…”

Effect of herbage species and feeding level on internal parasites and production performance of grazing lambs

“…The increasing incidence of anthelmintic resistance (Kettle 1982;Bailey 1991) has led to research into the alternatives to chemotherapy for the control of gastro-intestinal roundworms in sheep. Much of this research has concentrated on breeding for host 238 New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, 1995, Vol.…”

Anthelmintic usage on goat farms in New Zealand Results of a postal survey

“…It is evident that, in general, goats are being drenched far more frequently than sheep. Surveys of North Island and South Island sheep farms showed that lambs were drenched on average 7 (range 0_1O)C7) and 5.6 (range 0-10)C8) times respectively, with adult sheep being drenched on average only 1.2 (7 ) and 1.4 (8 ) times per year respectively. The high drenching frequency recorded in this survey and by Pearson and McKenzie CS ) would be expected to result in the appearance of larger numbers of anthelmintic-resistant strains of nematodes on goat farms compared with all-sheep farms.…”