“…15,20,27,28 Despite the ability of such systems to produce high fidelity flow waveforms, 15,27 they can be extremely inefficient due to mechanical friction and stick-slip effects between the piston and cylinder. 1 Moreover, their use in humans or large animals require high-powered electrical driving amplifiers, capable of dissipating over 200 W. 28 Regardless of the method employed to acquire respiratory impedance data, a more vexing problem is the ability of either approach to make oscillatory measurements while the lungs are maintained at a specified mean volume or pressure. Since lung volume can significantly impact respiratory impedance, 22 the ability to provide forced oscillations at different lung volumes or mean airway pressures is useful in understanding the impact of PEEP, periodic sighs, and recruitment/derecruitment manuevers on dynamic lung mechanics.…”