A survey of mechanical antennas applied for low-frequency transmitting

Cui, Yong; Wang, Chen; Song, Xiao Yan; Wu, Ming C.; Zhang, Qianyun; Yuan, Haiwen; Yuan, Zhihong

doi:10.1016/j.isci.2022.105832

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 84 publications

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“…Underwater environments can cause multipath propagation, where signals travel along multiple paths before reaching the receiver, leading to signal distortion and fading, thus requiring antennas with good multipath rejection capabilities [53,54]. Additionally, the size and weight of the antenna can be critical factors, especially for resource-constrained sensor nodes, often necessitating compact and lightweight antenna designs to accommodate deployment constraints [55,56]. Accounting for these challenges related to the unique underwater environment, multipath effects, and size/deployment limitations is crucial when evaluating and optimizing antenna performance for reliable underwater wireless communications.…”

Section: Challenges and Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antennas for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs): Reviewing the Challenges of Underwater Communication

Paredes,

Arboleda

2024

Preprint

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Underwater communication for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) faces challenges due to the unique underwater environment. This review explores these challenges (attenuation, multipath propagation, limited bandwidth) across acoustic, optical, and radio frequency (RF) communication channels. It highlights how innovative antenna designs are crucial to mitigate these limitations and enable efficient data transmission. The review analyzes monopole, dipole, and helical antennas, discussing their trade-offs in radiation pattern, efficiency, and mitigating multipath effects. Advancements in materials, metamaterials, and reconfigurable antennas offer promising solutions for improved signal propagation, reduced attenuation, and better environmental adaptability. Research gaps include material exploration for low-conductivity antennas and optimizing antenna designs. Rigorous performance evaluation remains essential. Overall, advancements in underwater antenna technology are key to unlocking the full potential of UWSNs and enabling breakthroughs in marine applications.

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Section: Challenges and Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antennas for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs): Reviewing the Challenges of Underwater Communication

Paredes,

Arboleda

2024

Preprint

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“…In recent years, the very-low-frequency (VLF, 3–30 kHz) communication field has witnessed significant development, primarily driven by the growing demand for efficient and reliable communication systems [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ]. This progress is particularly crucial in the field of geological exploration, where challenging environments such as long distances, underwater environments, underground environments and complex geological terrains make VLF communication increasingly important [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ]. Traditional antennas, constrained by size limitations, struggle to meet the specific requirements of VLF communication, posing a series of challenges to system design and deployment [ 10 , 11 , 12 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-Biased Magneto-Electric Antenna for Very-Low-Frequency Communications: Exploiting Magnetization Grading and Asymmetric Structure-Induced Resonance

Leung,

Zheng,

Yang

et al. 2024

Sensors

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VLF magneto-electric (ME) antennas have gained attention for their compact size and high radiation efficiency in lossy conductive environments. However, the need for a large DC magnetic field bias presents challenges for miniaturization, limiting portability. This study introduces a self-biased ME antenna with an asymmetric design using two magneto materials, inducing a magnetization grading effect that reduces the resonant frequency during bending. Operating principles are explored, and performance parameters, including the radiation mechanism, intensity and driving power, are experimentally assessed. Leveraging its excellent direct and converse magneto-electric effect, the antenna proves adept at serving as both a transmitter and a receiver. The results indicate that, at 2.09 mW and a frequency of 24.47 kHz, the antenna has the potential to achieve a 2.44 pT magnetic flux density at a 3 m distance. A custom modulation–demodulation circuit is employed, applying 2ASK and 2PSK to validate communication capability at baseband signals of 10 Hz and 100 Hz. This approach offers a practical strategy for the lightweight and compact design of VLF communication systems.

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“…Cui et al investigated an EMA based on rotation motion, where the positive and negative charges are symmetrically distributed across a disk. They also proposed a model for analyzing the magnetic flux density at specific points near the antenna [10]. In contrast to rotational MA, PMAs utilize vibrations to generate radiation, leveraging the positive and inverse piezoelectric effects.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A mechanical antenna for long-wave communication by integrating piezoelectric material and magnets

Wang,

Zhao,

Zhang

et al. 2024

Phys. Scr.

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The Chu's limit imposes a significant challenge for traditional antennas operating at extremely low frequencies, as they require a large size due to the long operating wavelength, thus limiting their applicability. To reduce the antenna size, this paper proposes a vibrating beam system for long-wave communication that leverages the inverse piezoelectric effect, vibration theory, and Maxwell's equations. A prototype utilizing beam structures is developed and examined experimentally. Furthermore, the frequency modulation of the vibrating beam system and signal transfer protocol are investigated in detail. The experimental results demonstrate that exciting different vibration modes of the vibrating beam system leads to varied electromagnetic signals in specific rules, enabling long-wave communications and ensuring confidentiality. This work offers valuable insights into the potential of local information exchange among close-range platforms. It also highlights the promising approach of integrating piezoelectric material and magnets within the vibrating beam system, showcasing their potential towards practical applications in long-wave communication.

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A survey of mechanical antennas applied for low-frequency transmitting

Cited by 8 publications

References 84 publications

Antennas for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs): Reviewing the Challenges of Underwater Communication

Antennas for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs): Reviewing the Challenges of Underwater Communication

Self-Biased Magneto-Electric Antenna for Very-Low-Frequency Communications: Exploiting Magnetization Grading and Asymmetric Structure-Induced Resonance

A mechanical antenna for long-wave communication by integrating piezoelectric material and magnets

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