A survey of herbicide use and a review of environmental fate in New Zealand planted forests

Rolando, Carol A.; Garrett, Loretta G.; Baillie, Brenda R.; Watt, Michael S.

doi:10.1186/1179-5395-43-17

Cited by 31 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 35 publications

(47 reference statements)

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“…Herbicide use is infrequent over the forestry growing cycle in New Zealand and the use of these two herbicides in two consecutive years in this trial is a maximum in an approximate 28-year growing cycle. In addition, around 50% of the planted forest area uses spot weed control which would substantially reduce the load of active ingredient applied to the site (Rolando et al, 2013). Power and McCarthy (1997) and others (Beek et al, 2000;Shepard et al, 2004) have highlighted the issue of extrapolating laboratory results to the field.…”

Section: Biological Significancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similar to elsewhere in the world, using herbicides to control competing vegetation is a critical component of inter-rotation forest management in New Zealand's planted forests (Rolando et al, 2011). A recent review by Rolando et al (2013) on herbicide use in New Zealand's planted forests identified glyphosate (N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine), terbuthylazine (N2-tert-butyl-6-chloro-N4-ethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine) and hexazinone (3-cyclohexyl-6-dimethylamino-1-methyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-(1H,3H)-dione), as the three most widely used herbicides for control of weeds. These three herbicides account for 90% of the estimated 447 Mg of active ingredient used in forestry within New Zealand.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Freshwater environmental persistence and toxicology data for hexazinone and terbuthylazine (Tu et al, 2001;World Health Organization, 2003;Tomlin, 2006;Ministry of Health, 2008 ment Practices (BMPs) (i.e. set-backs from waterways, optimal weather conditions), the potential risk to human health, water quality and the aquatic environment was low (Mayack et al, 1982;Neary et al, 1993;Rolando et al, 2013). Currently there is no information on the aquatic fate of either of these herbicides in New Zealand's planted forests, when applied according to standard operational practice.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Aquatic Fate of Aerially Applied Hexazinone and Terbuthylazine in a New Zealand Planted Forest

Baillie¹,

Neary²,

Gous³

et al. 2017

JSWSM

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Herbicides are used to control competing vegetation during tree establishment, and are often critical to the productivity and economic viability of a planted forest crop. Despite increasing public concern over herbicide use in planted forests and potential impact on the environment, there is limited information on the aquatic fate of many of these herbicides when applied in forests according to standard operational procedures. Two herbicides commonly used in New Zealand’s planted forests, terbuthylazine and hexazinone, were aerially applied during two consecutive years at 7.4 kg and 1.1 kg ha-1 respectively, to a 12.5 ha catchment of newly planted Pinus radiata (Radiata pine) in the Bay of Plenty region of New Zealand. One hundred percent of the area was sprayed during Year 1 while 85% of the area was sprayed during Year 2. The highest concentrations of both herbicides were measured in stream water, sediment and algal samples on the day of herbicide application during Year 1 (September 2012 to June 2013), mainly as a result of spray drift, and in stream water during Year 2 (September 2013 to April 2014) at the time of a rainfall event seven days after herbicide application. Terbuthylazine concentrations exceeded New Zealand and World Health Organisation drinking water standards for <24 hours on both occasions. For the remainder of the trial period, concentrations of both herbicides were below safe drinking water standards. Herbicide concentrations in stream flow declined immediately below the trial site and were close to or below detection limits at the bottom of the catchment. The concentrations of terbuthylazine and hexazinone in stream flow during this trial, posed a short-term and low risk to algae. Peak concentrations of both herbicides were several orders of magnitude lower than Lethal Concentration (LC)50 concentrations for Daphnia and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). These results highlight the need to include data from both field and laboratory based trials when assessing the aquatic risk of these two herbicides when applied under operational conditions in planted forests.

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Section: Biological Significancementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Aquatic Fate of Aerially Applied Hexazinone and Terbuthylazine in a New Zealand Planted Forest

Baillie¹,

Neary²,

Gous³

et al. 2017

JSWSM

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“…Herbicides are used in managed forests, primarily for control of competing vegetation during the establishment phase of the forest growing cycle [10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. The fate and movement of herbicides in forested catchments has been fairly well documented, particularly by research in the USA and Australia [17][18][19][20].…”

Section: Herbicide Fate Studies In Forestsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Two herbicides in the same tank mix can affect different target weeds. Although their effects on water quality can be additive, they are usually not synergistic, antagonistic, or multiplicative [11][12][13][14][15][16]. In addition, water quality standards are normally set for individual chemicals and not combinations.…”

Section: Cumulative Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cumulative Effects Analysis of the Water Quality Risk of Herbicides Used for Site Preparation in the Central North Island, New Zealand

Neary

Baillie

2016

Water

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Herbicide use varies both spatially and temporally within managed forests. While information exists on the effects of herbicide use on water quality at the site and small catchment scale, little is known about the cumulative effects of herbicide use at the landscape scale. A cumulative effects analysis was conducted in the upper Rangitaiki catchment (118,345 ha) in New Zealand, to determine the risk to water quality from two herbicides commonly used for post-plant weed control: terbuthylazine and hexazinone. Data from a 12.5 ha catchment study within the Rangitaiki Basin, where these herbicides were aerially applied in two consecutive years, were used to model herbicide concentrations entering the Rangitaiki River for the remaining treated areas in the catchment for the same two spray seasons. A spreadsheet model routed herbicide residues from their point of entry into the river to a flow gauge on the Rangitaiki River. Modeling of chemical residue loadings and concentrations of terbuthylazine and hexazinone indicated that potential herbicide residues in stream waters would be mainly below analytical detection limits and pose no risk to the aquatic environment or human health and safety. Safety factors for drinking water quality standards, aquatic organisms, and human Acceptable Daily Intake levels were very large.

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Application of Nanotechnology for Sustainable Crop Production Systems

Hossain

Kerry

Farooq

et al. 2020

Nanotechnology in the Life Sciences

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A survey of herbicide use and a review of environmental fate in New Zealand planted forests

Cited by 31 publications

References 35 publications

Aquatic Fate of Aerially Applied Hexazinone and Terbuthylazine in a New Zealand Planted Forest

Aquatic Fate of Aerially Applied Hexazinone and Terbuthylazine in a New Zealand Planted Forest

Cumulative Effects Analysis of the Water Quality Risk of Herbicides Used for Site Preparation in the Central North Island, New Zealand

Application of Nanotechnology for Sustainable Crop Production Systems

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