A survey of hallucinogenic mushroom use, factors related to usage, and perceptions of use among college students

Hallock, Robert M.; Dean, Andy C.; Knecht, Zachary A.; Spencer, Jared; Taverna, Elise C.

doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.11.010

Cited by 41 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…This might be explained by various aspects: Substance use acts as a coping strategy for the high performance requirements during college and college students tend to practise neuroenhancement (Franke et al, 2011;Eickenhorst et al, 2012;Dietz et al, 2013;Maier et al, 2013;Hildt et al, 2014;Farnir et al, 2017) nd to be sensitive to peer influence (Wechsler et al, 1997;Eisenberg et al, 2014;Suerken et al, 2014;Kendler et al, 2015). In addition, college students show higher levels of IQ and curiosity for new experiences than the average population, which itself might contribute to the high rates of substance use within this specific group (Simons et al, 2005;Ayvasik & Sumer, 2010;White & Batty, 2012;Hallock et al, 2013).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

‘Higher education’ – substance use among Berlin college students

Viohl

Ernst

Gabrysch

et al. 2019

Eur J of Neuroscience

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Berlin is internationally known for its intense nightlife associated with high rates of psychoactive substance use. Previous studies conducted in other cities indicated college students as a group at high risk for substance (mis‐)use that was associated with individual psychological and cognitive impairments as well as lower academic performance. The aim of this study was to provide detailed data about the substance use patterns of Berlin college students. In addition, major protective and risk factors were analysed. An online questionnaire assessing sociodemographic data and various relevant aspects of both legal and illegal substance use such as consumption pattern and frequency as well as risk‐taking behaviour was developed and distributed among colleges in Berlin. A sample of 9351 participants from 17 different colleges in Berlin completed the questionnaire. The study revealed high lifetime (69.3%), past year (45.9%) and past month (28.3%) prevalence of illicit substance use in the sample. Daily tobacco‐smoking, a mental disorder diagnosis, a positive screening for problematic consumption (Cage‐AID), bisexual orientation and living in open relationship were main factors positively associated with the prevalence and the extent of illicit substance use. Students in Berlin appear to show higher rates of illicit substance use than was previously reported for age‐matched individuals in the general German population and college students in other cities. Thus, they are a relevant target group for early prevention and intervention concerning substance use and abuse.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

‘Higher education’ – substance use among Berlin college students

Viohl

Ernst

Gabrysch

et al. 2019

Eur J of Neuroscience

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“…Common reasons given for using psychedelics include curiosity, mystical experiences, and introspection 3 . Rates of lifetime psychedelic use are greater in males than in females.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Over 30 million psychedelic users in the United States

Krebs

Johansen

2013

F1000Res

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We estimated lifetime prevalence of psychedelic use (lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin (magic mushrooms), mescaline, and peyote) by age category using data from a 2010 US population survey of 57,873 individuals aged 12 years and older. There were approximately 32 million lifetime psychedelic users in the US in 2010; including 17% of people aged 21 to 64 years (22% of males and 12% of females). Rate of lifetime psychedelic use was greatest among people aged 30 to 34 (total 20%, including 26% of males and 15% of females).

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“…Most online reports about olanzapine were here related to its use as a short‐term, self‐prescribed treatment for the psychedelic crises/“bad trips.” Symptoms of psychedelic crises usually last a few hours, depending on the drug taken and dose ingested (Mangot, ). Indeed, SC's effects may last 1–4 h (Hoyte et al ., ); tryptamines' effects 2–6 h (Hallock et al ., ); lysergic acid diethylamide [LSD] 6–14 h (Krebs and Johansen, ); and mescaline 8–16 h (Trachsel, ). Because of their rapid remission, these clinical conditions are not typically seen by health professionals and hence are not treated with ad hoc pharmacological prescriptions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%