A Survey of GNSS Spoofing and Anti-Spoofing Technology

Abstract

With the development of satellite navigation technology, the research focus of GNSS has shifted from improving positioning accuracy to expanding system application and improving system performance. At the same time, improving the survivability of satellite navigation systems has become a research hotspot in the field of navigation, especially with regard to anti-spoofing. This paper first briefly analyzes the common interference types of satellite navigation and then focuses on spoofing. We analyze the characteristics and technical mechanism of satellite navigation and the positioning signal. Spoofing modes are classified and introduced separately according to signal generation, implementation stage and deployment strategy. After an introduction of GNSS spoofing technology, we summarize the research progress of GNSS anti-spoofing technology over the last decade. For anti-spoofing technology, we propose a new classification standard and analyze and compare the implementation difficulty, effect and adaptability of the current main spoofing detection technologies. Finally, we summarize with considerations, prospective challenges and development trends of GNSS spoofing and anti-spoofing technology in order to provide a reference for future research.

A Comprehensive Evaluation on the Impact of Various Spoofing Scenarios on GPS Sensors in a Low-Cost UAV

“…Figures 7k and 7l illustrate normalized deviations spread in GPS parameters of jamming with the spoofing setting with respect to normal setting. The deviation in each parameter can be calculated using (1), where param js is a parameter observed in jamming with spoofing setting and param n is the corresponding parameter value observed in the normal setting. The difference between these values is divided by the maximum observed value to get the normalized parameter deviation.…”

“…Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have revolutionized the way we perceive aviation. The UAV industry, particularly the utilization of low-cost UAVs has been on a constant rise and is projected to increase further [1]. This rapid ascent in demand is due to numerous factors, such as the integration of advanced technologies, cost-effectiveness, and the ability to perform autonomous tasks without human intervention [2] [3].…”

A Survey on Authentication in Satellite Internet

“…GNSS is a satellite-based system that can provide positioning, navigation and timing (PVT) services for users on the ground worldwide. Today, major countries are vigorously developing their own GNSS systems, such as Global Positioning System (GPS) in the United States, BeiDou navigation satellite system (BDS) in China, Galileo in Europe, and the Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) in Russia [13]. GNSS is, in principle, vulnerable to kinds of attacks, especially spoofing attacks, like SATCOM systems.…”

“…However, they only focused on the physical layer and did not take authentication into consideration. Studies in [11], [12], and [13] present comprehensive investigations of spoofing attacks and the adopted solutions for Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSSs). However, none of them considered satellite-based communication (SATCOM) systems.…”

A Comprehensive Evaluation on the Impact of Various Spoofing Scenarios on GPS Sensors in a Low-Cost UAV

“…Attackers use a suitable SDR to generate spoofing or jamming signals, disrupting the UAV's regular operation and causing it to deviate from its intended course. These attacks can have serious consequences, as they can cause the UAV to drift away from the actual course or may even malfunction, resulting in a crash [1] [2].…”