A survey of empirical performance evaluation of permissioned blockchain platforms: Challenges and opportunities

Dabbagh, Mohammad; Choo, Kim‐Kwang Raymond; Beheshti, Amin; Tahir, Mohammad; Safa, Nader Sohrabi

doi:10.1016/j.cose.2020.102078

Cited by 88 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 28 publications

(40 reference statements)

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“…As shown in Fig. 8 and similarly as in ( Dabbagh et al, 2021 ), increasing the number of transactions results in a higher latency, but also in a linear increase throughput, indicating that the smart contract has a reasonable scaling characteristic for both workloads. Similarly as in ( Dabbagh et al, 2021 ), the throughput decreases and flattens out after a certain number of transactions (400 tx in Fig.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 69%

“…The results depicted in Fig. 7 for both workloads show a good transaction latency (between 3 and 6 s), if we take as a reference point the experiments on the Ethereum blockchain analyzed in the survey of empirical performance evaluation of permissioned blockchain platforms ( Dabbagh et al, 2021 ) (values between 1 and 10 s), and similar transaction throughput, the difference being practically null from 70 tps. In a second experiment, we conducted twelve test rounds (six rounds for register and six for offer ) to measure the performance metrics when the number of transactions to be processed by the blockchain ranges from 100 tx to 600 tx.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 87%

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A privacy-preserving design for sharing demand-driven patient datasets over permissioned blockchains and P2P secure transfer

Rodríguez-García

Sicilia

Dodero

2021

PeerJ Computer Science

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Sharing patient datasets curated by health institutions is critical for the advance of monitoring, surveillance and research. However, patient data is sensitive data and it can only be released under certain conditions and with previous explicit consent. Privacy preserving data sharing provides techniques to distribute datasets minimizing the risk of identification of patients. However, the sharing of datasets is typically done without considering the needs or requests of data consumers. Blockchain technologies provide an opportunity to gather those requests and share and assemble datasets using privacy-preserving methods as data and requirements on anonymity match. The architecture and design of such a solution is described, assuming an underlying permissioned blockchain network where providers such as healthcare institutions deal with consent, patient preferences and anonymity guarantees, playing a mediator role to a network of organizations.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 69%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 87%

A privacy-preserving design for sharing demand-driven patient datasets over permissioned blockchains and P2P secure transfer

Rodríguez-García

Sicilia

Dodero

2021

PeerJ Computer Science

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“…Last but not least, transaction processing delays and throughputs are of crucial importance. Hence, Quorum appears as a viable option with necessary features and decent performance [16].…”

Section: Blockchainmentioning

confidence: 99%

Data immutability and event management via blockchain in the Internet of things

ALTAŞ,

DALKILIÇ,

ÇABUK

2022

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

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The Internet of things (IoT) is the key enabler of the smart systems used in many areas, from agriculture to aviation, industrial automation to autonomous vehicles. Most IoT deployments employ cost-efficient lightweight devices with limited resources (e.g., bandwidth, energy, storage). Although an IoT network must be built in its simplest form, engineers include more sophisticated devices like gateways and servers to provide web-based services and benefit from cloud systems. So that, although the nodes can be widely distributed geographically or topologically, the system becomes centralized, which causes bottlenecks and single-points-of-failure. Furthermore, providing data integrity, non-repudiation, and event management becomes tricky. In most IoT scenarios, data usually flows from sensors to storage and processing units, whereas event-driven commands and triggers flow from these units to actuators, if any. Therefore, an attacker who gained access to parts of the centralized systems may leak, alter, or remove critical data and may exploit event handling features. This is where blockchain technology can be extremely useful. Using a decentralized ledger as the data storage unit provides integrity, immutability, and non-repudiation for any IoT deployment. And a customized smart contract lets the IoT deployment benefit from decentralized and immutable (i.e., non-manipulatable) event management features, too. Further, decentralization provides resilience against availability attacks to a large extent. With this motivation, we introduced a novel IoT architecture that incorporates an Ethereum-based private (Quorum) blockchain running a unique ad-hoc smart contract and a message queue telemetry transport (MQTT) based communication scheme between sensor and actuator nodes. The scheme, the ledger, and the smart contract have also been implemented with several nodes, a broker, and a server all on a PC using Docker containers, where the server was running a forest fire risk detection algorithm as the use case scenario. The proof-of-concept successfully validates the abovesaid functionality, scalability, and efficiency for the given IoT scenario (and some others). Moreover, performance tests showed that an instance of the system with 1000 nodes could stably process and record incoming (sensor) data up to 12.5 transactions per second (TPS) and distribute commands up to 4 TPS, whereas higher TPS is achievable depending on the network conditions and tolerance to losses. The scheme was shown to have polynomial message and time complexity.

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“…For example, while permissioned blockchains can provide significant performance benefits over their permissionless counterparts [ 96 ], achieving around 1000 transactions per second in some common configurations [ 97 ], they are still inferior to traditional replicated databases, particularly when multi-leader strategies with low consistency levels are applied, as these can support throughputs above 15,000 operations per second even under challenging workloads [ 98 ]. Therefore, traditional database systems can more effectively address the use case of contact tracing in which data validation, where necessary, can be performed centrally by the appropriate authority.…”

Section: Algorithmic Contact Tracingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Test, Trace, and Put on the Blockchain?: A Viewpoint Evaluating the Use of Decentralized Systems for Algorithmic Contact Tracing to Combat a Global Pandemic

Platt

Hasselgren

Román-Belmonte

et al. 2021

JMIR Public Health Surveill

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The enormous pressure of the increasing case numbers experienced during the COVID-19 pandemic has given rise to a variety of novel digital systems designed to provide solutions to unprecedented challenges in public health. The field of algorithmic contact tracing, in particular, an area of research that had previously received limited attention, has moved into the spotlight as a crucial factor in containing the pandemic. The use of digital tools to enable more robust and expedited contact tracing and notification, while maintaining privacy and trust in the data generated, is viewed as key to identifying chains of transmission and close contacts, and, consequently, to enabling effective case investigations. Scaling these tools has never been more critical, as global case numbers have exceeded 100 million, as many asymptomatic patients remain undetected, and as COVID-19 variants begin to emerge around the world. In this context, there is increasing attention on blockchain technology as a part of systems for enhanced digital algorithmic contact tracing and reporting. By analyzing the literature that has emerged from this trend, the common characteristics of the designs proposed become apparent. An archetypal system architecture can be derived, taking these characteristics into consideration. However, assessing the utility of this architecture using a recognized evaluation framework shows that the added benefits and features of blockchain technology do not provide significant advantages over conventional centralized systems for algorithmic contact tracing and reporting. From our study, it, therefore, seems that blockchain technology may provide a more significant benefit in other areas of public health beyond contact tracing.

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A survey of empirical performance evaluation of permissioned blockchain platforms: Challenges and opportunities

Cited by 88 publications

References 28 publications

A privacy-preserving design for sharing demand-driven patient datasets over permissioned blockchains and P2P secure transfer

A privacy-preserving design for sharing demand-driven patient datasets over permissioned blockchains and P2P secure transfer

Data immutability and event management via blockchain in the Internet of things

Test, Trace, and Put on the Blockchain?: A Viewpoint Evaluating the Use of Decentralized Systems for Algorithmic Contact Tracing to Combat a Global Pandemic

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