A survey of Echinococcus species in wild carnivores and livestock in East Africa

Hüttner, M.; Siefert, L.; Mackenstedt, Ute; Römig, Thomas

doi:10.1016/j.ijpara.2009.02.015

Cited by 92 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…These informal groupings were retained for many years but with the advent of molecular characterization they were shown to be genetically distinct (Thompson and McManus, 2001). PCR-based techniques using a variety of genetic loci, and sequencing of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, coupled with molecular epidemiological studies in endemic areas, confirmed the genetic and morphological distinctness of the host-adapted strains and revealed phylogenetic relationships which support a robust, meaningful taxonomy based on a previously documented nomenclature (Table 2; Bowles et al, 1994;Cruz-Reyes et al, 2007;Harandi et al, 2002;Huttner et al, 2009;Jenkins et al, 2005Lavikainen et al, 2003Moks et al, 2008;Nakao et al, 2013;Pednekar et al, 2009;Romig et al, 2006Romig et al, , 2015Saarma et al, 2009;Thompson et al, 1995Thompson et al, , 2006Thompson, 2001Thompson, , 2008Thompson and McManus, 2002;Tigre et al, 2016). Interestingly, the nomenclature used for these 'species' conforms to that proposed by observational parasitologists in the 1920se60s, before molecular tools were available to confirm and support their morphological descriptions and epidemiological observations Thompson and McManus, 2002;Thompson, 2008).…”

Section: U N C O R R E C T E D P R O O Fmentioning

confidence: 66%

Biology and Systematics of Echinococcus

Thompson

2017

Echinococcus and Echinococcosis, Part A

291

282

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Section: U N C O R R E C T E D P R O O Fmentioning

confidence: 66%

Biology and Systematics of Echinococcus

Thompson

2017

Echinococcus and Echinococcosis, Part A

291

282

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“…Digestion of the cysts releases the larval forms, the protoscolices, which evaginate and attach to the intestinal wall and develop into adult stages (Gottstein & Reichen, 2003;Eckert & Deplazes et al, 2004;Ndimubanzi et al, 2010). Humans are accidental hosts and are infected via contaminated water or vegetables (Matossian et al, 1977;Huttner et al, 2009). Within the human host, eggs are digested and the larval forms, so-called oncospheres, are released.…”

Section: Tropical Parasitic Infections Associated With Epilepsy In Sumentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Within the human host, eggs are digested and the larval forms, so-called oncospheres, are released. They penetrate the intestinal muscular layers, gain access to the blood system, especially the portal veins, and are transported to various body organs (Matossian et al, 1977;Turgut, 1997;Gottstein & Reichen, 2003;Eckert & Deplazes et al, 2004;Huttner et al, 2009;Huttner et al, 2009;Ndimubanzi et al, 2010;Ernest et al, 2010).Filtration of the oncospheres occurs in the liver and the lungs and about 60-70% and 10-15% of the hydatid cyst are formed in the liver and lungs, respectively (Turgut, 1997;Huttner et al, 2009;Ernest et al, 2010). The involvement of other organs, such as brain, is uncommon but does occur, especially when the liver and lungs fail to filter all the oncosphere in the blood circulation Huttner et al, 2009;Ernest et al, 2010).…”

Section: Tropical Parasitic Infections Associated With Epilepsy In Sumentioning

confidence: 99%

Epilepsy and tropical parasitic infections in Sub-Saharan Africa: a review

Mazigo

Morona

Kweka

et al. 2013

Tanzania J Hlth Res

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Several reports have suggested that the high prevalence of epilepsy in sub-Saharan Africa is associated with the high prevalence of parasitic infections affecting the central nervous system. Though epidemiological evidence suggests an association between parasitic infections and epilepsy, the biological causal relationship has not been fully demonstrated for many of these infections. The objective of this paper is to review the available epidemiological evidence on the links between parasitic infections and epilepsy, the pathogenesis and the current gap of knowledge indicating the areas requiring further research. Data for this review were identified and collected using manual and electronic search strategies of published and unpublished sources. In Sub-Saharan Africa, the epidemiology of epilepsy remains unclear and given the differing study designs, the results of available epidemiological studies are difficult to interpret and compare. Evidence from surveys reported a median prevalence of 1.5%. Co-infection of parasitic infections and epilepsy in sub-Saharan Africa are common, particularly in areas characterized by poor hygiene standards. There is an epidemiological link on the association between epilepsy and various parasitic infections. However, the biological causal relationship requires further investigation in adequately designed studies. In conclusion, although several epidemiological and case control studies indicate a relationship between parasitic agents and epilepsy in sub-Saharan Africa, there is a considerable gap of knowledge on the cause and magnitude of the association. Thus, there is an urgent need for systematic epidemiological studies to understand the burden of epilepsy in areas endemic due to preventable parasitic infections, to prove a causal relationship, and to understand the impact of controlling these parasitic diseases on reduction of the burden of epilepsy.___________________________________________________________________________________

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“…Although protocols for the detection of E. granulosus and E. multilocularis have been published by many authors, [5][6][7][8][9][10] only three polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assays have previously been developed and validated for the detection of E. granulosus 11,12 and E. multilocularis DNA 13,14 from dog or fox fecal samples, respectively. A recent assessment of the E. granulosus PCR assays failed to fully reproduce the species and/or subspecies specificity reported by the original authors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Three PCR Assays for the Differentiation between Echinococcus shiquicus, E. granulosus (G1 genotype), and E. multilocularis DNA in the Co-Endemic Region of Qinghai-Tibet plateau, China

Boufana¹,

Umhang²,

Qiu³

et al. 2013

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. To investigate echinococcosis in co-endemic regions, three polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays based on the amplification of a fragment within the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (ND1) mitochondrial gene were optimized for the detection of Echinococcus shiquicus, Echinococcus granulosus G1, and Echinococcus multilocularis DNA derived from parasite tissue or canid fecal samples. Specificity using parasite tissue-derived DNA was found to be 100% except for E. shiquicus primers that faintly detected E. equinus DNA. Sensitivity of the three assays for DNA detection was between 2 and 10 pg. Ethanol precipitation of negative PCR fecal samples was used to eliminate false negatives and served to increase sensitivity as exemplified by an increase in detection from 0% to 89% of E. shiquicus coproDNA using necropsy-positive fox samples.

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A survey of Echinococcus species in wild carnivores and livestock in East Africa

Cited by 92 publications

References 29 publications

Biology and Systematics of Echinococcus

Biology and Systematics of Echinococcus

Epilepsy and tropical parasitic infections in Sub-Saharan Africa: a review

Development of Three PCR Assays for the Differentiation between Echinococcus shiquicus, E. granulosus (G1 genotype), and E. multilocularis DNA in the Co-Endemic Region of Qinghai-Tibet plateau, China

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