A survey of challenges and solutions for the integration of renewable energy in datacenters

Rostirolla, Gustavo; Grange, Léo; Minh-Thuyen, T.; Stolf, Patricia; Pierson, Jean‐Marc; Costa, Georges Da; Baudic, Gwilherm; Haddad, Maroua; Kassab, Ayham; Nicod, Jean-Marc; Philippe, Laurent; Rehn‐Sonigo, Veronika; Roche, Robin; Celik, Berk; Caux, Stéphane; Lecuivre, Jérôme

doi:10.1016/j.rser.2021.111787

Cited by 26 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 157 publications

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“…It would be disrespectful to draw an absolutely murky and discouraging picture, fortunately as it points out [7], Facebook®, Google®, and Apple® have adopted a 100% renewable commitment in many of their data center, processing, and storage processes, in turn [3] points out according to information from Amazon web service (AWS) as of 2019 it started changes in its global infrastructure focused on creating 100% renewable energy through the use of efficient energy. Another approach is the diverse possibilities that arise [21] in the way in which the generation of electrical energy that is supplied to data centers can be efficiently improved, with on-site generation and off-site generation (generation located at a prolonged distance from the data center) being the 2 options available; among these possibilities are wind turbines, photovoltaic sources, hydroelectric energy and biomass generation (the latter is the use of organic matter from animals or plants in order to generate heat or electricity). This supported by innovative energy storage techniques such as Lithium or Hydrogen (the latter very efficient and friendly to the environment) [22].…”

Section: Changes That Generate Motivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The weight of data: an analysis based on the impact on the environment

Ramirez Lopez,

Cortes Rodriguez,

Maldonado

2024

Bulletin EEI

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The carbon footprint generated by the information and communications technology (ICT) sector is increasingly significant, emitting greenhouse gases due to high energy consumption, regardless of the way in which energy is generated, the expansion and growth in data centers, as well as the impact generated by the cryptocurrency sector that in the end represents is reflected in greater consumerism, processing, storage, and transport of information that will be somewhere in the world. Current research addresses the problems and the contrast of figures in energy consumption due to the use of a computer, data processing, the role of the user as an internet consumer, the impact of data centers both in carbon footprint, water footprint and soil footprint, the impact of cryptocurrency mining and its contribution to global energy expenditure as well as the ethical debate of new technologies. And finally, the advances in seeking to optimize energy resources, sustainable and conscious for both consumers and service providers, show the trends focused on energy optimization through software and hardware based on a judicious review of research documents.

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Section: Changes That Generate Motivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The weight of data: an analysis based on the impact on the environment

Ramirez Lopez,

Cortes Rodriguez,

Maldonado

2024

Bulletin EEI

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“…By leveraging solar and wind energy within distribution grids, we are not only diversifying our energy sources but also reducing our dependence on fossil fuels. However, this transition comes with its own set of challenges, including intermittent generation, grid stability issues, and hosting capacity [7][8][9]. The integration of RERs into distribution feeders presents significant potential issues related to voltage and thermal current.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrated Active and Reactive Power Control Methods for Distributed Energy Resources in Distribution Systems for Enhancing Hosting Capacity

Trinh,

Chung

2024

Energies

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Recently, there has been a significant increase in the integration of distributed energy resources (DERs) such as small-scale photovoltaic systems and wind turbines in power distribution systems. When the aggregated outputs of DERs are combined, excessive reverse current may occur in distribution lines, leading to overvoltage issues and exceeding thermal limits of the distribution lines. To address these issues, it is necessary to limit the output of DERs to a certain level, which results in constraining the hosting capacity of DERs in the distribution system. In this paper, coordination control methodologies of DERs are developed and executed to mitigate the overvoltage and overcurrent induced by DERs, thereby increasing the hosting capacity for DERs of the distribution system. This paper proposes three coordinated approaches of active and reactive power control of DERs, namely Var Precedence, Watt Precedence, and Integrated Watt and Var Control. The Var and Watt Precedence prioritizes reactive power for voltage (Q–V) and active power for current (P–I) to address network congestion, thereby enhancing hosting capacity. Conversely, the Integrated Var and Watt Precedence propose a novel algorithm that combines four control indices (Q–V, P–V, Q–I, and P–I) to solve network problems while maximizing hosting capacity. The three proposed methods are based on the sensitivity analysis of voltage and current to the active and reactive power outputs at the DER installation locations on the distribution lines, aiming to minimize DER active power curtailment. Each sensitivity is derived from linearized power equations at the operating points of the distribution system. To minimize the computation burden of iterative computation, each proposed method decouples active and reactive power and proceeds with sequential control in its own unique way, iteratively determining the precise output control of distributed power sources to reduce linearization errors. The three proposed algorithms are verified via case studies, evaluating their performance compared to conventional approaches. The case studies exhibit superior control effectiveness of the proposed DER power control methods compared to conventional methods when issues such as overvoltage and overcurrent occur simultaneously in the distribution line so that the DER hosting capacity of the system can be improved.

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“…The unprecedented interest in green energy is pursued to solve the global problems of conventional fuel depletion and environmental pollution [1,2]. The utilization of various renewable sources, including solar, tidal, and wind energy, has demonstrated the ability to meet energy demands without producing greenhouse gases [3,4]. The expansion of renewable energy sources necessitates high energy densities and stable energy storage systems [5,6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Film Thickness Effect in Restructuring NiO into LiNiO2 Anode for Highly Stable Lithium-Ion Batteries

Nguyen,

Kim

2024

Batteries

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The long-term stability of energy-storage devices for green energy has received significant attention. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) based on materials such as metal oxides, Si, Sb, and Sn have shown superior energy density and stability owing to their intrinsic properties and the support of conductive carbon, graphene, or graphene oxides. Abnormal capacities have been recorded for some transition metal oxides, such as NiO, Fe2O3, and MnO/Mn3O4. Recently, the restructuring of NiO into LiNiO2 anode materials has yielded an ultrastable anode for LIBs. Herein, the effect of the thin film thickness on the restructuring of the NiO anode was investigated. Different electrode thicknesses required different numbers of cycles for restructuring, resulting in significant changes in the reconstituted cells. NiO thicknesses greater than 39 μm reduced the capacity to 570 mAh g−1. The results revealed the limitation of the layered thickness owing to the low diffusion efficiency of Li ions in the thick layers, resulting in non-uniformity of the restructured LiNiO2. The NiO anode with a thickness of approximately 20 μm required only 220 cycles to be restructured at 0.5 A g−1, while maintaining a high-rate performance for over 500 cycles at 1.0 A g−1, and a high capacity of 1000 mAh g−1.

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A survey of challenges and solutions for the integration of renewable energy in datacenters

Cited by 26 publications

References 157 publications

The weight of data: an analysis based on the impact on the environment

The weight of data: an analysis based on the impact on the environment

Integrated Active and Reactive Power Control Methods for Distributed Energy Resources in Distribution Systems for Enhancing Hosting Capacity

Film Thickness Effect in Restructuring NiO into LiNiO2 Anode for Highly Stable Lithium-Ion Batteries

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