A Survey of Brake-by-Wire System for Intelligent Connected Electric Vehicles

Meng, Bumin; Yang, Feifan; Liu, Jingang; Wang, Yaonan

doi:10.1109/access.2020.3040184

Cited by 27 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…The BBW system uses wires to replace parts or all of the brake pipelines, and the controller manipulates the electronic control elements to control the braking force. Essentially, it is an energy transformation system, where the power unit amplifies the output force through hydraulic or mechanical mechanisms [10]. At present, research efforts aim to shorten the response time of the brake and improve the accuracy of the braking control [11].…”

Section: Structures Of Bbw Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This system drives the master cylinder piston by increasing the motor's rated speed and displacing the motor plunger pump or controlling the motor and deceleration mechanism. It realizes the normal operation of the brake system without changing the overall structural arrangement of the brake system [10]. To increase market share, original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) prefer to adopt this kind of solution.…”

Section: Electro-hydraulic Brake System Based On Servo Motormentioning

confidence: 99%

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Review of Brake-by-Wire System and Control Technology

Tan

et al. 2022

Actuators

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In accordance with the developing trend of “safety, comfort and low-carbon” technology, the market for intelligent X-by-wire chassis is huge. A new requirement of the X-by-wire system, including the response, accuracy, energy consumption and fault-tolerance, is put forward. Based on the analysis of the structure and design flow of the brake-by-wire (BBW) system, this paper analyzes the research status and development trend of the control methods of braking force, coordination control strategies and fault-tolerant control of the BBW system. The application possibilities of direct-driving technology in the BBW system are analyzed. At present, the key points of research focus on considering the influence of the multi-field coupling effect in the design, observing and compensating various nonlinear factors, and having a higher requirement for fault-tolerant control. Finally, an intelligent direct-driving BBW system is proposed as a research direction, which takes high efficiency and energy saving as a foothold and aims at breakthroughs in dynamic response, control accuracy and fault-tolerant abilities.

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Section: Structures Of Bbw Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Electro-hydraulic Brake System Based On Servo Motormentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of Brake-by-Wire System and Control Technology

Tan

et al. 2022

Actuators

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“…The measured ambient temperature and the injected power were given as input to the LPTN of Figure 7. The predicted temperatures were obtained by solving the differential equations listed in Equation (1). A simple method of Euler was used to solve the system, since no challenging dynamics were involved.…”

Section: Conventional Lumped-parameters Thermal Networkmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In fact, severe overloads together with harsh environmental conditions may result in overtemperatures that can exceed the thermal limits of the electric machine. The importance of operation within the safe temperature range is even more exacerbated for electric machines used in critical components for the vehicle and passengers' safety, such as brake-by-wire (BBW) systems [1]. Electric braking is a cutting-edge technology in which the traditional hydraulic brake architecture is substituted by electro-actuated braking systems supplied at 12 or 48 V. In addition to dimension and weight constraints, the electric machines used in these actuators are also operated in overload conditions to limit the brake response time and, consequently, the vehicle braking distance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lumped-Parameters Thermal Network of PM Synchronous Machines for Automotive Brake-by-Wire Systems

Graffeo

Vaschetto

Miotto³

et al. 2021

Energies

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Thermal analysis represents a key factor in electrical machine design due to the impact of temperature increase on insulation lifetime. In this context, there has been a wide investigation on thermal modeling, particularly for machines used in harsh working conditions. In this perspective, brake-by-wire (BBW) systems represent one of the most challenging applications for electrical machines used for automotive smart actuators. Indeed, electro-actuated braking systems are required to repeatedly operate the electric machine in high overload conditions in order to limit the actuator response time, as well as to enhance gravimetric and volumetric specific performance indexes. Moreover, BBW systems often impose unconventional supply conditions to the electric machine, consisting of dc currents in three-phase windings to keep the rotor fixed during the braking intervals. However, a dc supply leads to uneven temperature distributions in the machine, and simplified thermal models may not accurately represent the temperature variations for the different machine parts. Considering such unconventional supply conditions, this paper initially investigates the applicability of a conventional lumped-parameters thermal network (LPTN) based on symmetry assumptions for the heat paths and suitable for surface-mounted PM synchronous machines used in BBW systems. An extensive test campaign consisting of pulses and load cycle tests representative of the real machine operations was conducted on a prototype equipped with several temperature sensors. The comparison between measurements and predicted average temperatures, together with insights on the unbalanced heat distribution under the dc supply obtained by means of finite element analyses (FEA), paved the way for the proposal of a phase-split LPTN with optimized parameters. The paper also includes a critical analysis of the optimized parameters, proposing a simplified, phase-split lumped-parameters thermal model suitable to predict the temperature variations in the different machine parts for PM synchronous electric machines used in BBW systems.

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“…In recent years, machine learning has increasingly been applied to the state estimation of vehicles due to the availability of large amounts of training data. The ability of machine learning to learn from data and to self-optimize behavior makes it well suited to estimate vehicle state in complex and dynamic environments [25,26]. Ref.…”

Section: Mcpe Based On Intelligent Algorithmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pressure Estimation of the Electro-Hydraulic Brake System Based on Signal Fusion

Shi

Liu

2021

Actuators

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At present, the master cylinder pressure estimation algorithm (MCPE) of electro-hydraulic brake systems (EHB) based on vehicle dynamics has the disadvantages of poor condition adaptability, and there are delays and noise in the estimated pressure; however, the MCPE based on the characteristics of an EHB (i.e., the pressure–position relationship) is not robust enough to prevent brake pad wear. For the above reasons, neither method be applied to engineering. In this regard, this article proposes a MCPE that is based on signal fusion. First, a five-degree-of-freedom (5-DOF) vehicle model that includes longitudinal motion, lateral motion, yaw motion, and front and rear wheel rotation is established. Based on this, an algebraic expression for MCPE is derived, which extends the MCPE from a straight condition to a steering condition. Real vehicle tests show that the MCPE based on the 5-DOF vehicle model can effectively estimate the brake pressure in both straight and steering conditions. Second, the relationship between the hydraulic pressure and the rack position in the EHB is tested under different brake pad wear levels, and the results show that the pressure–position relationship will change as the brake pad is worn down, so the pressure estimated by the pressure–position model based on fixed parameters is not robust. Third, a MCPE based on the fusion the above two MCPEs through the recursive least squares algorithm (RLS) is proposed, in which the pressure-position model can be updated online by vehicle dynamics and the final estimated pressure is calculated based on the updated pressure–position model. Finally, several simulations based on vehicle test data demonstrate that the fusion-based MCPE can estimate the brake pressure accurately and smoothly with little delay and is robust enough to prevent brake pad wear. In addition, by setting the enabling conditions of RLS, the fusion-based MCPE can switch between driving and parking smoothly; thus, the fusion-based MCPE can be applied to all working conditions.

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A Survey of Brake-by-Wire System for Intelligent Connected Electric Vehicles

Cited by 27 publications

References 67 publications

Review of Brake-by-Wire System and Control Technology

Review of Brake-by-Wire System and Control Technology

Lumped-Parameters Thermal Network of PM Synchronous Machines for Automotive Brake-by-Wire Systems

Pressure Estimation of the Electro-Hydraulic Brake System Based on Signal Fusion

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