A Survey of Blockchain: Techniques, Applications, and Challenges

Gao, Weichao; Hatcher, William G.; Yu, Wei

doi:10.1109/icccn.2018.8487348

Cited by 153 publications

(99 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…Secondly, as the number of miners (i.e., block) increases, the size of the BCT also increases continuously [19,42]. This increases the cost of storage and reduces the speed of distribution over the whole network, leading to a rise in the number of issues like the scalability and availability of BCT [55]. For instance, when the number of blocks is increased dramatically the scalability of the BCT becomes an issue and can lead to an increase in the latency of the entire network.…”

Section: Open Issues and Future Research Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Survey on the Usage of Blockchain Technology for Cyber-Threats in the Context of Industry 4.0

et al. 2020

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A systematic review of the literature is presented related to the usage of blockchain technology (BCT) for cyber-threats in the context of Industry 4.0. BCT plays a crucial role in creating smart factories and it is recognized as a core technology that triggers a disruptive revolution in Industry 4.0. Beyond security, authentication, asset tracking and the exchange of smart contracts, BCTs allow terminals to exchange information according to mutually agreed rules within a secured manner. Consequently, BCT can play a crucial role in industrial sustainability by preserving the assets and the environment and by enhancing the quality of life of citizens. In this work, a classification of the most important cyber-attacks that occurred in the last decade in Industry 4.0 is proposed based on four classes. The latter classes cover scanning, local to remote, power of root and denial of service (DoS). BCT is also defined and various types belong to BCT are introduced and highlighted. Likewise, BCT protocols and implementations are discussed as well. BCT implementation includes linear structure and directed acyclic graph (DAG) technology. Then, a comparative study of the most relevant works based on BCT in Industry 4.0 is conducted in terms of confidentiality, integrity, availability, privacy and multifactor authentication features. Our review shows that the integration of BCT in industry can ensure data confidentiality and integrity and should be enforced to preserve data availability and privacy. Future research directions towards enforcing BCT in the industrial field by considering machine learning, 5G/6G mobile systems and new emergent technologies are presented.

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Section: Open Issues and Future Research Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Survey on the Usage of Blockchain Technology for Cyber-Threats in the Context of Industry 4.0

et al. 2020

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“…The structure of append-only logs is similar to that of blockchains for crypto-currencies [15]: they both consist of a sequence of immutable events that can only be extended by adding new events, and in which the integrity of earlier events is guaranteed by the chain of hashes from later events. However, for the gossip algorithms presented in this paper, each participant has their own log and the system is not trying to reach consensus on a single global state.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Both projects pioneered the use of replicated authenticated single-writer append-only logs: chains of ordered immutable events, similar to blockchains [15] but specific to each participant and without the need for global consensus. In particular, SSB efficiently replicates logs using the Scuttlebutt gossip protocol [39], by only transmitting the latest missing events between pairs of replicas.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gossiping with Append-Only Logs in Secure-Scuttlebutt

Kermarrec

Lavoie

Tschudin

2020

Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Distributed Infrastructure for Common Good

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“…Because of these features, hash functions can be applied to verify the integrity of the original message, or as hash pointers, in which the pointer contains the hash of the message that it points to. In the blockchain, each data block contains the hash value of the previous block so that the integrity of all previous data can be verified, as well as to keep the transaction records from being altered [23]. Blockchain technology has over the past few years evolved from the earlier Bitcoin foundation to other generation platforms.…”

Section: Hashingmentioning

confidence: 99%

The road to the blockchain technology: Concept and types

Sabry

Kaittan

Majeed

2019

PEN

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As the Bitcoin keeps increasing in value compared to other cryptocurrencies, more attention has given to Blockchain Technology (BT), which is the infrastructure behind the Bitcoin, especially on its role in addressing the problems of the classical centralized system. As a digital currency, Bitcoin is dependent on the decentralized cryptographic tools and peer-to-peer system. The digital currency implements a distributed ledger using Blockchain when verifying any type of transaction. In this paper, the aim is to describe how digital currency networks such as Bitcoin provides a "trust-less" platform for users to embark on money transfers without necessarily depending on any central trusted establishments such as payment services or financial institutions. Furthermore, this work comprehensively overviewed the basic principle that underly BT, such as transaction, consensus algorithms, and hashing. This study also provided a novel classification for blockchain types according to their system architecture and consensus strategy. For each type, our contribution was provided with an example, which clearly describes the blockchain features and the transaction steps. Our classification intended to help researchers understand and choose the blockchain for their application. The paper ends with the discussion of the differences between each type

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A Survey of Blockchain: Techniques, Applications, and Challenges

Cited by 153 publications

References 55 publications

A Survey on the Usage of Blockchain Technology for Cyber-Threats in the Context of Industry 4.0

A Survey on the Usage of Blockchain Technology for Cyber-Threats in the Context of Industry 4.0

Gossiping with Append-Only Logs in Secure-Scuttlebutt

The road to the blockchain technology: Concept and types

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