A Survey of Blockchain Enabled Cyber-Physical Systems

Abstract

Cyber-physical systems (CPS) is a setup that controls and monitors the physical world around us. The advancement of these systems needs to incorporate an unequivocal spotlight on making these systems efficient. Blockchains and their inherent combination of consensus algorithms, distributed data storage, and secure protocols can be utilized to build robustness and reliability in these systems. Blockchain is the underlying technology behind bitcoins and it provides a decentralized framework to validate transactions and ensure that they cannot be modified. By distributing the role of information validation across the network peers, blockchain eliminates the risks associated with a centralized architecture. It is the most secure validation mechanism that is efficient and enables the provision of financial services, thereby giving users more freedom and power. This upcoming technology provides internet users with the capability to create value and authenticate digital information. It has the capability to revolutionize a diverse set of business applications, ranging from sharing economy to data management and prediction markets. In this paper, we present a holistic survey of various applications of CPS where blockchain has been utilized. Smart grids, health-care systems, and industrial production processes are some of the many applications that can benefit from the blockchain technology and will be discussed in the paper.

Blockchain from the Perspective of Privacy and Anonymisation: A Systematic Literature Review

“…Industry 4.0. In the field of industry [ 24 , 52 ], blockchain has been chosen as a way of providing guarantees of privacy and security, as well as the anonymous authentication of devices, the capacity to audit industrial processes and the confidentiality of the data processed. A notable feature of blockchain technology that is particularly attractive for this field of action would be the possibility of scaling it.…”

“…IoT. The blockchain technology has revolutionised the IoT [31,49] with its efficiency and scalability, although it tries to give solution to the way in which the different devices that intervene are related creating an environment of reliability and security as well as the transfer of information between devices in a reliable way; however, there are unresolved limitations to improving the scalability of IoT devices [52]; this is being approached from a new perspective of distributed ledger under the IOTA project. The work in [33] highlights the need to develop a standard for sharing IoT data sets in order to take advantage of the blockchain potential to facilitate the safe exchange of data as well as to secure the IoT system itself.…”

The Interaction between Internet, Sustainable Development, and Emergence of Society 5.0

“…The environment (concepts: "environment", "future", "important", "role"), which overlaps with the performance (concept: "performance") theme, is related to research on the importance of using sensors and environmental data from an Internet of Everything (IoE) to monitor natural resources and various energy resources. The successful monitoring of natural and energy resources reduces their consumption and has a positive impact on the sustainable management of natural and energy resources [175][176][177]. However, it is also going for the sociological term of human environment (work, friends, social habits, medical institutions, education institutions, financial institutions…) and the internet has been "disruptively transformed the manner in which human beings interact with their environment (e.g., via smartphones app, digital platforms)" [178][179][180].…”

Arousal Detection in Elderly People from Electrodermal Activity Using Musical Stimuli

“…Understanding and recognizing human emotions has been identified as a main interest area in smart systems [1][2][3][4][5]. Such systems are being applied in many fields like well-being and healthcare [6][7][8][9][10][11], safe driving [12], smart cities [13] and smart environments [14,15], among others. Pleasure, arousal and dominance are three independent emotional dimensions to describe people's state of feeling [16,17].…”