A Survey of Bacterial Diversity From Successive Life Stages of Black Soldier Fly (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) by Using 16S rDNA Pyrosequencing

Abstract

Sustainable methods for managing waste associated with people and animals have been proposed in the past. Black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens (L.), larvae represent one of the more promising methods. Larvae reduce dry matter, bacteria, offensive odor, and house fly populations. Prepupae can be used as feedstuff for livestock. However, it is not known if such a method results in the proliferation of potential pathogens. Although some bacterial species have been cultured and identified from black soldier fly, a true appreciation of fly associated bacterial diversity is not known. Such information is needed to understand pathogen colonization on decomposing animal and plant waste in the presence of black soldier fly larvae as well as develop research strategies for maximizing the use of this fly to reduce waste without risking environmental harm. Using 454 sequencing, we surveyed bacterial diversity associated with successive life stages of the black soldier fly reared on plant material. Bacteria diversity classified (99.8%) across all life stages spanned six bacterial phyla with > or = 80% bootstrap support. Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria were the most dominant phyla associated with the black soldier fly accounting for two-thirds of the fauna identified. Many of these bacteria would go undetected because of their inability to be cultured.

A metagenomic assessment of the bacteria associated with Lucilia sericata and Lucilia cuprina (Diptera: Calliphoridae)

“…Among shared bacterial genera, Providencia and Ignatzschineria were present in relatively high abundance in the sister species of Lucilia. These genera were also observed with several other carrion-breeding flies (Gupta et al 2012(Gupta et al , 2014Wei et al 2014b;Zheng et al 2013), and hence, it looks like they are typical bacterial genera of carrion breeding flies. Providencia produces several xylanases and helps in decomposition of xylan, which is commonly observed at decomposition sites (Raj et al 2013).…”

“…Numbers in parentheses indicate the percent relative sequence abundance of each genus considered with the fact that replication was not done per time point per species. With this caveat in mind, it is interesting to note that many of the same bacteria appeared in both time series, it was clear that there was a different community composition associated with species, representing numerous taxa, mostly from those phyla found in the human (Backhed (Gupta et al 2012(Gupta et al , 2014Wei et al 2014b;Zheng et al 2013) gut. Relative abundances appeared to differ between species, but this portion of the study was not replicated within species, making it impossible to differentiate replicate effects from species effects.…”

“…msu.edu/; accessed on October 23, 2012). Percentage coverage of species richness was calculated from rarefaction and Chao1 indices using the method as described in Zheng et al (2013). All raw sequence files were submitted to the Sequence Read Archive (SRA).…”

Microbial Associates of the Vine Mealybug Planococcus ficus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) under Different Rearing Conditions

“…Pyrosequencing was performed on a 70 by 75 GS PicoTiterPlate by using a Genome Sequencer FLX-Titanium System (Roche) from 454 Life Sciences (Roche) as previously described [16,81]. The primer sets 27F + 519R, ITS4 + ITS5, and 349F + 806R (Table 1) were used for identification of the bacteria, fungi, and archaea associated with mealybugs, respectively.…”

Identification and Physiological Characters of Intestinal Bacteria of the Black Soldier Fly, Hermetia illucens

“…일반적 으로 이러한 장내 미생물은 소화, 발육 및 면역에 중요한 역할 을 담당할 뿐만 아니라 병원 미생물의 정착을 억제하는 데 요구 된다 (Qin et al, 2010;Roh et al, 2008;Yu et al, 2008). (Jeon et al, 2011;Zheng et al, 2013).…”