A survey of anaesthesia in small animal practice: AVA/BSAVA report

Clarke, K.W.; Hall, L.W.

doi:10.1111/j.1467-2995.1990.tb00380.x

Cited by 160 publications

(218 citation statements)

References 3 publications

(1 reference statement)

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“…The latter tend to be reports of new techniques using a very limited number of animals, and reliable data concerning the mortality associated with commonly used anaesthetics in laboratory species are not available at the present time. A recent report (Clarke & Hall, 1990) found an overall mortality rate in veterinary practice of one in 679 cases, compared to the human figure of one in 10 000. The attitude of researchers towards acceptable losses 159 varies however, from 1 .…”

Section: Current Anaesthetic Methodology In Laboratory Animalsmentioning

confidence: 95%

The assessment of depth of anaesthesia in animals and man

Whelan¹,

Flecknell²

1992

Lab Anim

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SummaryThe assessment of the depth of anaesthesia in man has received much attention in recent years, following a number of reports of people being aware during surgery. A range of different measures have been suggested for determining the adequacy of anaesthesia in man, but such a critical assessment is rarely applied to laboratory animals. This article describes the methods used to assess anaesthetic depth in both man and animals, and compares the relative states of knowledge about anaesthetic depth in animals and man.

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Section: Current Anaesthetic Methodology In Laboratory Animalsmentioning

confidence: 95%

The assessment of depth of anaesthesia in animals and man

Whelan¹,

Flecknell²

1992

Lab Anim

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“…These restraints included ketamine and Xylazine which were the only anaesthetics used for the other Protocols. The heavy anaesthesia applied for Protocol 3 may raise questions about potential risks to the animals [12]. However, it is unfortunate that the results published for Protocol 3 did not report values for ejaculation time, ejaculate volume and spermatozoa concentration as these values are critical in assessing the integrity of semen samples [13].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electro Ejaculation of Two Species of Agouti (Dasyprocta spp.) in Brazil and Trinidad and Tobago

Mollineau¹,

Mollineau²

2017

MOJAP

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The meat of Neo-tropical fauna is savoured in parts of the Caribbean, Central and South America. Dasyprocta species is one animal hunted for its meat and this activity may eventually threaten their survival. However, efforts made to domesticate these wild animals lead to the development of farming systems. Reproduction has been a valuable tool in the process of domestication. Therefore, part of this effort included research directed at understanding the reproductive attributes of the male agouti. Electro-ejaculation was used to collect semen from Dasyprocta leporina and Dasyprocta azarae. This mini review compared three electro-ejaculation protocols developed for Dasyprocta species in Brazil and the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago. These procedures were applied after the animals were anaesthetized. Collected ejaculates that contained spermatozoa were expressed as percentages of the total number of ejaculated collected and used as a measure of the effectiveness for the respective three Protocols. The most effective was Protocol 3 (100%). However, this was achieved with the administering of 5 different anaesthetics which may cause some potential damage to the agouti. Conversely, 75% successes were obtained then Xylazine 20mg/ kg (Protocol 1, T4) and Ketamine 20mg/kg and Xylazine 40mg/kg (Protocol 2, T8) were administered, respectively. The ejaculate with the largest concentration of spermatozoa (431±180×10 6 /ml) were collected for Protocol 1, T4. Furthermore, no such specifics were listed for ejaculates collected from Protocol 3. In conclusion, the three Protocols should be reviewed to develop a procedure which utilizes resources efficiently and produces results that are quantitatively and qualitatively desirable.

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“…Twenty-five percent of complications in one study involved the use of xylazine in the veterinary anaesthetic protocol (Dyson et al, 1998). And an increased anaesthetic related mortality rate was observed in cats and dogs given xylazine (Clarke and Hall, 1990). But even with these side effects, ketamine-xylazine combination, first reported for used in rats over 30 years ago, is still the most commonly used rodent anaesthetic today (Stickrod, 1979, Green et al, 1981, Saha et al, 2007.…”

Section: Ketamine-xylazine Is Still the Most Commonly Used Injectablementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In contrast, anaesthetic mortality rates are frequently published in the veterinary and medical professions. In veterinary practice, one study reported a 1 in 679 mortality rate in dogs and cats undergoing anaesthesia and another study recorded 48 in 3546 mortality due to anaesthetic related complications equating to approximately 1.4% (Whelan and Flecknell, 1992, Clarke and Hall, 1990, Bille et al, 2012. Mortality rates as low as 1 in 10,000 was recorded in the medical field (Dyson et al, 1998).…”

Section: Anaesthetic Related Mortality Rates In Laboratory Rodents Armentioning

confidence: 99%

The safety, efficacy and neuromotor effects of the neurosteroid anaesthetic alfaxalone in rats

Lau¹

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Rodents are routinely anaesthetised for husbandry and biomedical research purposes. All anaesthetics carry a degree of risk, complications and side effects. An ideal anaesthetic for rodents is safe, predictable, alleviates pain and distress and can be performed without specialist training. A survey was created to identify anaesthetic agents frequently administered to rodents currently utilised by the research community. Findings indicated injectable anaesthetics were very commonly used and complications were often associated with use, highlighting the lack of a safe, predictable laboratory rodent anaesthetic protocol.Alfaxalone is a neuroactive steroid injectable anaesthetic agent with a high margin of safety, and is commonly used in veterinary anaesthesia as the Alfaxan® formulation. I sought to establish whether alfaxalone could be used as an injectable anaesthetic agent for laboratory rodents. A plasma pharmacokinetics study was performed using IV and IP Alfaxan® in adult female Wistar rats (7-10 weeks). Mean T 1/2elim for 2 and 5 mg.kg -1 IV was short (~17 minutes), but could not be estimated for IP dosing due to sustained plasma levels for up to 60 minutes after injection. Cl p for IV injection was calculated at 24.5% and 23% of cardiac output respectively. The observed C max was 2.99 mg.L -1 for IP administration, and 2.2 ± 0.9 and 5.2 ± 1.3 mg.L -1 for 2 and 5 mg.kg -1 IV administration respectively. AUC 0-60 was 96 min.mg.L -1 for IP dosing. The relative bioavailability for IP dosing was 26% and 28%, compared to IV doses of 2 and 5mg.kg -1 respectively. Alfaxalone given IP caused longer sleep times than IV dosing, although anaesthesia was not induced in 30% of rats.Importantly, all rats exhibited muscle twitching after alfaxalone administration. I then sought to test whether combining IP injection of Alfaxalone with common premedication agents could improve anaesthetic induction rates and reduce muscle twitching, to provide a viable anaesthetic regimen for rats. Medetomidine (0.5 mg.kg -1 ), medetomidine-butorphanol (0.35 mg.kg -1 -0.2 mg.kg -1 ), Acetylpromazine (ACP) -methadone (3 mg.kg -1 -0.7 mg.kg -1 ) and ACP-xylazine (3 mg.kg -1 -3 mg.kg -1 )were administered IP 10 minutes prior to IP alfaxalone (20 mg.kg -1 ). ACP-xylazine, medetomidine and medetomidine-butorphanol all significantly reduced twitching. Medetomidine-butorphanol provided surgical anaesthesia without prolonged recovery and provided an adequate plane of anaesthesia for short painful surgical procedures.However, none of these premedication agents fully eliminated alfaxalone-induced muscle twitching. I therefore carried out electrophysiological studies of motor neurons (MN), to determine the mechanism causing neuromotor excitation in response to alfaxalone. Previous data has shown that alfaxalone can modulate strychnine-sensitive glycinergic receptors, which may, in part, contribute to the adverse neuromotor excitatory responses manifested as muscle twitching during alfaxalone anaesthesia. The 3 effects of alfaxalone on inhibito...

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A survey of anaesthesia in small animal practice: AVA/BSAVA report

Cited by 160 publications

References 3 publications

The assessment of depth of anaesthesia in animals and man

The assessment of depth of anaesthesia in animals and man

Electro Ejaculation of Two Species of Agouti (Dasyprocta spp.) in Brazil and Trinidad and Tobago

The safety, efficacy and neuromotor effects of the neurosteroid anaesthetic alfaxalone in rats

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