A survey of aflatoxins in sesame in Iran

Asadi, Mohammad; Beheshti, Hamed Reza; Feizy, Javad

doi:10.1007/s12550-011-0102-y

Cited by 20 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…For sesame, our findings of low prevalence of contaminated samples are in line with previous studies (Mbah and Akueshi 2009;Ezekiel et al 2012;Fapohunda et al 2012Fapohunda et al , 2018Makun et al 2014). However, the mean aflatoxin levels in our samples were lower than the levels (69.72 μg kg −1 ) reported in same crop collected from Niger state (Makun et al 2014), but higher than aflatoxin levels in all other previous reports on sesame in Turkey (Yentur et al 2006), Iran (Asadi et al 2011), Senegal (Diedhiou et al 2011) and Nigeria (Mbah and Akueshi 2009Ezekiel et al 2012;Fapohunda et al 2012Fapohunda et al , 2018Ogara et al under review). The lower mean aflatoxin levels in melon compared with sesame in this study may be attributed to the pre-cleaning/ winnowing step applied to the melon samples by vendors, which was not applied to the sesame seeds.…”

Section: Occurrence Levels Of Mycotoxins In Melon and Sesame Seedscontrasting

confidence: 80%

Distribution of fungi and their toxic metabolites in melon and sesame seeds marketed in two major producing states in Nigeria

et al. 2020

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In this study, melon (n = 60) and sesame (n = 60) seeds purchased from markets within Benue and Nasarawa states, respectively, in Nigeria, during two seasons (dry and wet), were analysed for fungal and mycotoxin contamination in order to determine the safety of these foods for human consumption. Molecular analysis revealed the following seven fungal taxonomic groups in the foods: Aspergillus section Candidi, Aspergillus section Flavi, Aspergillus section Nigri, Cladosporium, Fusarium fujikuroi species group, Penicillium, and Pleosporales/Didymellaceae. A total of 78 microbial metabolites, including several mycotoxins, occurred in the foods. The most frequent mycotoxins in melon and sesame were aflatoxin B1 (occurrence: 76%) and alternariol monomethyl ether (occurrence: 59%), respectively. However, higher mean total aflatoxin levels occurred in sesame (17 μg kg−1) than in melon (11 μg kg−1). About 28 and 5% of melon and sesame, respectively, exceeded the 4 μg kg−1 total aflatoxin limit for oilseeds intended for direct human consumption in the European Union. Additionally, fumonisin B1 and moniliformin occurred only in sesame, whilst ochratoxins A and B occurred only in melon; ochratoxin B being reported for the first time in this food. Our data indicated seasonal variations in the fungal and mycotoxin contamination levels in both foods.

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Section: Occurrence Levels Of Mycotoxins In Melon and Sesame Seedscontrasting

confidence: 80%

Distribution of fungi and their toxic metabolites in melon and sesame seeds marketed in two major producing states in Nigeria

et al. 2020

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“…The only available study on mycotoxins in fonio reported low levels of aflatoxins and zearalenone (ZEN) [11]. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) was reported in millet stored for up to 6 months in Nigeria (1,370-3,495 lg/kg, [20]), and sesame from Iran (up to 5.5 ng/g, [14]) and Senegal (0.1-1.2 ng/g, [15]). The absence of aflatoxins in the sesame samples negates the previous reports stated above including that of Yentur et al [12] who observed up to 0.75 ng/g AFG1 in sesame from Turkey.…”

Section: Mycotoxins For Which Regulations Existmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Reports on mycotoxin contamination in fonio are scanty and limited to Nigeria [11], with no record of studies on a broader range of fungal metabolites. On the other hand, a global level of studies on mycotoxin contamination of sesame has been limited to aflatoxins [12][13][14][15]. There is, however, no available report on other fungal metabolites occurring in this oil seed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-microbial metabolites in fonio millet (acha) and sesame seeds in Plateau State, Nigeria

Ezekiel

Sulyok

Warth

et al. 2012

Eur Food Res Technol

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We investigated 16 fonio millet and 17 sesame samples by LC/ESI-MS/MS for the spectrum of microbial metabolites contaminating these seeds. Forty-eight fungal and four bacterial metabolites were detected in fonio, while 28 fungal and two bacterial metabolites were found in sesame. Altogether, 55 metabolites were identified in both grains, 18 of which are reported for the first time to naturally occur in cereals and oil seeds. The metabolite concentrations reached 7,280 lg/kg in fonio for aurofusarin and 64,600 lg/kg in sesame for kojic acid. Aflatoxin contaminated 81 % of fonio samples at concentrations less than the 4 lg/kg maximum allowable limit (MAL) set by European Union (EU). In contrast, aflatoxin was not detected in sesame. Zearalenone levels exceeded the EU MAL (75 lg/kg) in one sample of fonio (987 lg/kg). About 62.5 % (30 out of 48) of the metabolites without regulations occurred in more than 50 % of samples of one or both seeds, while 3-nitropropionic acid, beauvericin, brevianamid F, curvularin, emodin, equisetin, macrosporin A, monocerin and tenuazonic acid were the most prevalent, occurring in all samples of either fonio, sesame or both. This is the first study reporting mycotoxin contamination in sesame in Nigeria and the broad range of microbial metabolites in millet and sesame.

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“…Food crops such as fonio millet and sesame, which are not as widely consumed, have the potential to serve as safer food crops. Even though Aspergillus flavus has been reported to be the major post-harvest colonizer of both crops, it has been reported that these crops usually have very low or no aflatoxin levels present (Gbodi et al 1986; Mbah and Akueshi 2000, 2009; Makun et al 2007; Amadi and Adeniyi 2009; Asadi et al 2011; Diedhiou et al 2011; Ezekiel et al 2012). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of aflatoxigenicAspergillusand other fungi in millet and sesame from Plateau State, Nigeria

et al. 2014

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Sixteen fonio millet and 17 sesame samples were analysed for incidence of moulds, especially aflatoxigenic Aspergillus species, in order to determine the safety of both crops to consumers, and to correlate aflatoxin levels in the crops with levels produced by toxigenic isolates on laboratory medium. Diverse moulds including Alternaria, Aspergillus, Cercospora, Fusarium, Mucor, Penicillium, Rhizopus and Trichoderma were isolated. Aspergillus was predominantly present in both crops (46–48%), and amongst the potentially aflatoxigenic Aspergillus species, A. flavus recorded the highest incidence (68% in fonio millet; 86% in sesame kernels). All A. parvisclerotigenus isolates produced B and G aflatoxins in culture while B aflatoxins were produced by only 39% and 20% of A. flavus strains isolated from the fonio millet and sesame kernels, respectively. Aflatoxin concentrations in fonio millet correlated inversely (r = −0.55; p = 0.02) with aflatoxin levels produced by toxigenic isolates on laboratory medium, but no correlation was observed in the case of the sesame samples. Both crops, especially sesame, may not be suitable substrates for aflatoxin biosynthesis. This is the first report on A. parvisclerotigenus in sesame.

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A survey of aflatoxins in sesame in Iran

Cited by 20 publications

References 20 publications

Distribution of fungi and their toxic metabolites in melon and sesame seeds marketed in two major producing states in Nigeria

Distribution of fungi and their toxic metabolites in melon and sesame seeds marketed in two major producing states in Nigeria

Multi-microbial metabolites in fonio millet (acha) and sesame seeds in Plateau State, Nigeria

Assessment of aflatoxigenicAspergillusand other fungi in millet and sesame from Plateau State, Nigeria

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