A Survey for Recent Techniques and Algorithms of Geolocation and Target Tracking in Wireless and Satellite Systems

Abstract

A single Radio-Frequency Interference (RFI) is a disturbance source of modern wireless systems depending on Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and Satellite Communication (SatCom). In particular, significant applications such as aeronautics and satellite communication can be severely affected by intentional and unintentional interference, which are unmitigated. The matter requires finding a radical and effective solution to overcome this problem. The methods used for overcoming the RFI include interference detection, interference classification, interference geolocation, tracking and interference mitigation. RFI source geolocation and tracking methodology gained universal attention from numerous researchers, specialists, and scientists. In the last decade, various conventional techniques and algorithms have been adopted in geolocation and target tracking in civil and military operations. Previous conventional techniques did not address the challenges and demand for novel algorithms. Hence there is a necessity for focussing on the issues associated with this. This survey introduces a review of various conventional geolocation techniques, current orientations, and state-of-the-art techniques and highlights some approaches and algorithms employed in wireless and satellite systems for geolocation and target tracking that may be extremely beneficial. In addition, a comparison between different conventional geolocation techniques has been revealed, and the comparisons between various approaches and algorithms of geolocation and target tracking have been addressed, including H∞ and Kalman Filtering versions that have been implemented and investigated by authors.

Quasi-Real RFI Source Generation Using Orolia Skydel LEO Satellite Simulator for Accurate Geolocation and Tracking: Modeling and Experimental Analysis

“…Time of Arrival (TOA), Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA), Frequency of Arrival (FOA), Frequency Difference of Arrival (FDOA), Angle of Arrival (AOA), Received Signal Strength (RSS), and Power Difference of Arrival (PDOA), etc. are electromagnetic propagation parameters that are used by various approached of geolocation, and tracking [7][8][9]. The TOA measurement is related to knowing the distance between the source and the sensor and radio propagation velocity, where the radio propagation velocity is well known as 2.998 × 10 8 m/s.…”

Enhanced Moving Source Localization with Time and Frequency Difference of Arrival: Motion-Assisted Method for Sub-Dimensional Sensor Networks

“…Source localization has been fundamental across various applications, including radar, sonar, and navigation [1][2][3], and has further expanded its utility into diverse commercial domains such as indoor sensing, robotics, and sensor networks [4,5]. This trend underscores the growing significance of precise positioning in modern society.…”

Children Tracking System Based on ZigBee Wireless Network and Neural Network

“…However, they cannot track people indoors for several reasons. First, people inside buildings are NLoS with the satellite constellation, whereas GPS requires a Line of Sight (LOS) connection to determine their positions [8]. Second, the weather situations like cloudy or rainy weather directly impact the tracking process for outside tracking, making indoor tracking impossible.…”

“…On the other hand, range-based techniques are more precise and effective than range-free localization methods [13]. The angles and distances between nodes in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) are calculated using Time of Arrival (ToA) range-based algorithms [14], Angle of Arrival (AoA) [15], Time Difference of Arrival (TDoA) [16], acoustic energy [17], and RSSI [18]. All receiving nodes that detect the target signal's location must be synchronized using the TDoA and ToA procedures.…”