A Survey for Methods of Detecting Aircraft Vortices

Abstract

Wake vortices produced by the lifting surfaces of large aircraft can have catastrophic effects on aircraft that follow too close behind. Many incidents have been blamed on wingtip vortices in the past several decades. Therefore, vortex detection is important for enhancing airport productivity by allowing adoptive spacing and for increasing the safety of all aircraft operating around the airport by alerting controllers that hazardous conditions may exist near the runways. Many methods have been developed for detecting wake vortices. However, there is a lack of a literature review to summarize all the methods and compare their advantages and drawbacks. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to review these technologies and to summarize their strengths and weaknesses. There are two main methods available in the literature: active and passive detection methods. Active detection methods include LIDAR (LIGHT Detection And Ranging), RADAR (Radio Detection and Ranging), and SODAR (Sonic Detection And Ranging). Passive detection methods include microphone systems, opto-acoustic systems, and ultrasonic detection of circulation. Although vortex detection methods are available, due to military and scientific usage, many researchers are still investigating new methods that are more effective.

Assessment of virtual towers performed with scanning wind lidars and Ka-band radars during the XPIA experiment

“…The increasing need of monitoring the atmospheric boundary layer for a broad range of technological and scientific pursuits -such as for meteorology (Banta et al, 2002;Calhoun et al, 2006;Emeis et al, 2007;Horanyi et al, 2015;Vanderwende et al, 2015;Bonin et al, 2015), renewable energy (Thresher et al, 2008;Jones and Bouamane, 2011;Aitken et al, 2014;Iungo, 2016) and air traffic management (George and Yang, 2012;Smalikho and Banakh, 2015) -has led to a rapid development of remotesensing measurement techniques, such as wind lidars Cariou, 2015;Simley and Pao, 2012;Iungo andPorté-Agel, 2013, 2014) and radars (Farnet and Stevens, 1990;O'Hora and Bech, 2007;Hirth and Schroeder, 2013;Hirth et al, 2015). Compared to classical meteorological towers, remote-sensing instruments allow easier deployment, enhanced capability of varying deployment locations and potentially lower costs.…”

Spectral correction of turbulent energy damping on wind LiDAR measurements due to range-gate averaging

“…Over the last decades, wind Doppler Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) technology has provided compelling features to perform wind turbulence measurements within the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) for different scientific and industrial pursuits, such as air quality (Trukenmueller et al , 2004), meteorology (Calhoun et al , 2006;Emeis et al , 2007;Grubisić et al , 2008;Vanderwende et al , 2015;Horanyi et al , 2015;Fernando et al , 2018), aeronautic transportation (George and Yang , 2012;Schepers et al , 2012) and wind energy Iungo andPorté-Agel , 2013, 2014;Iungo , 2016;El-Asha et al , 2017;Zhan et al , 2019). In the context of ABL turbulence, scanning Doppler wind LiDARs were assessed against other measurement techniques, such as sonic anemometers and scanning Doppler wind radars, during the eXperimental Planetary boundary layer Instrumentation Assessment (XPIA) campaign (Lundquist et al , 2017;Debnath et al , 2017a, b;Choukulkar et al , 2017;Debnath , 2018).…”

Vertical profiles of the 3-D wind velocity retrieved from multiple wind lidars performing triple range-height-indicator scans

“…Wind Light Detection and Ranging (lidar) systems have been employed for wind velocity measurements in different disciplines, such as meteorology (Banta et al, 2002;Calhoun et al, 2006;Emeis et al, 2007;Horanyi et al, 2015;Vanderwende et al, 2015;Bonin et al, 2015), aeronautic transportation (George and Yang, 2012;Smalikho and Banakh, 2015), wind engineering (Jakobsen et al, 2015) and wind energy (Aitken et al, 2012(Aitken et al, , 2014Iungo et al, 2013a;Iungo and Porté-Agel, 2014;Banta et al, 2015;Iungo, 2016). Specifically for wind energy, wind lidars are widely used for characterization of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) thanks to their relatively easy deployment, non-intrusiveness, and lower deployment and maintenance costs than for traditional met towers (Barthelmie et al, 2010;Schepers et al, 2012).…”