A surfactant-free emulsion RAFT polymerization of methyl methacrylate in a continuous tubular reactor

Li, Zhen; Chen, Weijie; Zhang, Zhengbiao; Zhang, Lifen; Cheng, Zhenping; Zhu, Xiulin

doi:10.1039/c4py01456a

Cited by 32 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Although it was possible to form miniemulsions, the system usually start losing stability minutes after the mini‐emulsification process. Polymerization trials presented complete phase separation in 2 h. This CTA was reported to form stable macro‐emulsions . However, it is important to emphasize that a complete distinct formulation and emulsification mechanism is used on miniemulsions.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Use of a trithiocarbonyl RAFT agent without modification as (Co)stabilizer in miniemulsion polymerization

Oliveira

Behrends

Rosa

et al. 2017

J. Polym. Sci. Part A: Polym. Chem.

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Herein, we demonstrate the effects of using 4‐cyano‐4‐[(dodecylsulfanylthiocarbonyl)sulfanyl] pentanoic acid (CDPA) simultaneously as RAFT chain transfer agent (RAFT‐CTA) and (co)stabilizer in a miniemulsion polymerization process. The novelty of this report includes use this RAFT‐CTA without modification, such as macro‐CTAs, block, or random copolymers. Using an optimized polymerization procedure, it is possible to use distinct formulations and therefore obtain stable latexes comprised of well‐defined spherical nanoparticles. The polymerization kinetics and final polymer properties are directly correlated to the function of the CDPA in the system: RAFT‐CTA and/or (co)stabilizer. Typically, the nanoparticles present average diameters less than 150 nm. The molar mass properties and the kinetic profiles confirm to an expected RAFT process, although some deviations are observable when using the CDPA as only stabilizer. These deviations are a function of the amount of CDPA present within the nano‐droplets, or adsorption on its surface. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2017, 55, 1687–1695

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Use of a trithiocarbonyl RAFT agent without modification as (Co)stabilizer in miniemulsion polymerization

Oliveira

Behrends

Rosa

et al. 2017

J. Polym. Sci. Part A: Polym. Chem.

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show abstract

“…The polymerization started quickly with little inhibition period observed. It is worth mentioning that an inhibition period is often seen in a batch RAFT polymerization carried out in a flask because of slow fragmentation of the intermediate macro‐RAFT radicals in the early pre‐equilibrium stage . Disappearance of the inhibition period in BTR could be attributed to an enhanced mass and heat transfer inside the tube reactor.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There have been numerous polymerization systems adopted to tube reactors, aiming at obtaining well‐defined polymers. Controlled and living polymerization systems have received particular attention, including ionic polymerization, nitroxide mediated radical polymerization (NMP), atom transfer radical polymerization, and reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization . The controlled radical polymerization such as RAFT inherits the advantages of free radical polymerization in terms of mild reaction condition and easy operation, but also possesses the strong power of molecular design.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tailoring Polymer Molecular Weight Distribution and Multimodality in RAFT Polymerization Using Tube Reactor with Recycle

Liang

Wang

et al. 2017

Macro Reaction Engineering

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The ORCID identification number(s) for the author(s) of this article can be found under https://doi.org/10.1002/mren.201700023. RAFTPolymerization Solution reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization of butyl acrylate in 50 wt% toluene, initiated with 2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile and mediated with 3-benzyltrithiocarbonyl propionic acid, is carried out in a tube reactor of 1.65 mm inner diameter. The tube reactor is operated in three modes: batch tube reactor (inlet and outlet closed, recycle open), continuous tube reactor (inlet and outlet open, recycle closed), and loop tube reactor (inlet, outlet, and recycle all open). The effects of inlet and outlet flow rates, residence time, and recycle ratio on the polymerization rate and polymer molecular weight distribution (MWD) are systematically investigated. The dynamic and steady state kinetics of the three modes of operation are analyzed and compared. Polymer samples having multimodal MWD are generated using the loop reactor. It is found that the MWD and multimodality can be readily controlled by residence time (τ) and recycle ratio.

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“…Development in photochemical engineering led to designs and geometries of photoreactors where these parameters can be controlled. Practically all recently developed and applied photochemical reactors are designed for processes in closed circuit or continuous regimes [58]. • Closed and open circuit photoreactors.…”

Section: Photoreactors and Continuous Flow Operationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photopolymerization in dispersed systems

Jasinski

Zetterlund

Braun

et al. 2018

Progress in Polymer Science

124

115

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Zero-VOC technologies combining ecological and economic efficiency are destined to occupy a growing place in the polymer economy. Today, Polymerization in dispersed systems and Photopolymerization are the two major key players. The hybrid technology based on photopolymerization in dispersed systems has emerged as the next technological frontier, not only to make processes even more efficient and eco-friendly, but also to expand the range of polymer products and properties. This review summarizes the current knowledge in research relevant to this field in an exhaustive way. Firstly, fundamentals of photoinitiated polymerization in dispersed systems are given to show the favourable context for developing this emerging technology, its specific features as well as the distinctive equipment and materials necessary for its implementation. Secondly, a state-of-the-art and critical review is provided according to the seven main processing methods in dispersed systems: emulsion, microemulsion, miniemulsion, dispersion, precipitation, suspension, and aerosol.

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A surfactant-free emulsion RAFT polymerization of methyl methacrylate in a continuous tubular reactor

Cited by 32 publications

References 41 publications

Use of a trithiocarbonyl RAFT agent without modification as (Co)stabilizer in miniemulsion polymerization

Use of a trithiocarbonyl RAFT agent without modification as (Co)stabilizer in miniemulsion polymerization

Tailoring Polymer Molecular Weight Distribution and Multimodality in RAFT Polymerization Using Tube Reactor with Recycle

Photopolymerization in dispersed systems

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