A surface metric and software toolbox for EEG electrode grids in the macaque

Abstract

Background The past years have seen increased appreciation of non-invasive extracranial electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings in non-human primates (NHP) as a tool for translational research. In humans, the international 10-20 system or extensions thereof provide standardized electrode positions that enable easy comparison of data between subjects and laboratories. In the NHP, no such generally accepted, standardized placement system is available. New Method. Here we introduce a surface metric and software package (NHP1020) that automates the planning of large, approximately evenly spaced electrode grids on the NHP skull. Results. The system is based on one CT and one MRI image and requires the user to specify two intracranial markers. Based on this, the software defines electrode positions on the brain surface using a surface-based spherical metric similar to the one used by the international 10-20 system. The electrode positions are then projected to the surface of the skull. Standardized electrode grids can be shared, imported or defined with few high-level commands. Existing Methods. NHP EEG electrodes are often placed on an individual basis relative to extracranial markers, or relative to underlying neural structures. Both approaches are time-consuming and require manual intervention. Furthermore, the use of extracranial markers in this species may be more problematic than in humans, because cranial muscles and ridges are larger and keep maturing long into adulthood thus potentially affecting electrode positions. Conclusion. The key advantage of the current approach is the automated and objective identification of corresponding electrode positions in different animals. Automation was made possible by the use of a two-dimensional metric on the brain surface which has a simpler, i.e., more convex and sphere-like anatomy than the skull. This enables fast and efficient planning, optimization and calculation of large electrode grids.

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“…All electrodes were connected to a 32-channel Omnetics connector embedded in dental acrylic at the back of the skull. The different animals had 33 electrodes implanted that formed regularly-spaced grids covering roughly the same anatomy covered by the international 10-20 system (97). All the electrodes were referenced to an electrode placed at Oz.…”