A supply chain network equilibrium model

Searching and bargaining with middlemen

“…Similar equilibrium questions have also been studied in the supply chain literature (e.g. Nagurney et al (2002)). …”

“…Somewhat related equilibria questions have been studied in the context of supply chains (see e.g. Nagurney et al (2002)), where in this case, producers are able to produce and ship multiple units of a product to middlemen and consumers.…”

Modelling planner–carrier interactions in road freight transport: Optimisation of road maintenance costs via overloading control

“…This paper has extended the methods for modelling multi-actor, multi-level modelling approaches in freight transport (Nagurney et al, 2002;Nagurney & Toyasaki, 2005)which consider manufacturers, retailers and consumers as decision-makersto take into account the objective of a planner who aims for a societal optimum by minimising expenditure on road maintenance costs though overloading control. The main contributions of this paper to the literature are as follows:…”

“…Castelli et al (2004) proposed a bi-level linear program formulation of a two-player Stackelberg game between a 'shipper', minimising a lower level objective of transportation cost, and a traffic authority applying some form of regulation to an upper level objective which seeks to maximise the flow through the subset of links under the authority's control. In the same game-theoretic spirit, Nagurney et al (2002) and Nagurney & Toyasaki (2005) proposed a joint equilibrium model of three groups of non-cooperative actors, representing manufacturers, retailers and consumers.…”

“…In freight transport, the outcomes and impacts are influenced by many decisionmakers, though far fewer than in the case of passenger transport. In recognising the presence of multiple actors (Fisk, 1986), a number of authors have turned their attention to an explicit representation of their behaviour, models being proposed with manufacturers, retailers and consumers as decision-makers (Nagurney et al, 2002;Nagurney & Toyasaki, 2005;Sheu et al, 2005;Figueiredo & Mayerle, 2008) and, more recently, third party logistics service providers (Panayides & So, 2005). However, one special form of actor often overlooked is the government or planner, whose decisions regarding regulations and pricing will influence the decisions made by other decision makers, and who indeed may make pro-active decisions that anticipate such influences on other actors.…”