“…Compared with the MIMO 4 × 1 Vivaldi antenna using a bi-axial metasurface in [20], the proposed single-element AVA achieves an even wider bandwidth and a much more compact size, as well as a higher gain in the mm-wave band. As compared with the antenna in [21], a wider bandwidth and much higher gain is achieved in mm-wave but at the cost of a less compact size. As compared with the metasurface-loaded Vivaldi antenna array in [22], the proposed AVA structure can operate within a wider bandwidth with a comparable gain in the mm-wave band without forming an antenna array.…”
Section: Discussion Of Measurements and Fabrication Resultsmentioning
This paper presents a miniaturized-structure high-gain antipodal Vivaldi antenna (AVA) operating in the millimeter-wave (mm-wave) band. A gradient-length microstrip-patch-based director is utilized on the flares of the AVA to enhance gain. Additionally, an array of metallic vias is incorporated along the lateral and horizontal edges of the antenna for further gain enhancement and bandwidth extension. Based on the proposed structure, the AVA can achieve a peak gain of 11.9 dBi over a relative bandwidth of 71.24% within 16.5–36.6 GHz as measured, while the electrical dimension is only 1.54 × 2.69 × 0.07 λc3. The measured results show good agreement with the simulated ones. Owning the characteristics of being high-gain and ultra-wideband, and having a compact size, the proposed AVA can be a competitive candidate for future millimeter-wave communication.
“…Compared with the MIMO 4 × 1 Vivaldi antenna using a bi-axial metasurface in [20], the proposed single-element AVA achieves an even wider bandwidth and a much more compact size, as well as a higher gain in the mm-wave band. As compared with the antenna in [21], a wider bandwidth and much higher gain is achieved in mm-wave but at the cost of a less compact size. As compared with the metasurface-loaded Vivaldi antenna array in [22], the proposed AVA structure can operate within a wider bandwidth with a comparable gain in the mm-wave band without forming an antenna array.…”
Section: Discussion Of Measurements and Fabrication Resultsmentioning
This paper presents a miniaturized-structure high-gain antipodal Vivaldi antenna (AVA) operating in the millimeter-wave (mm-wave) band. A gradient-length microstrip-patch-based director is utilized on the flares of the AVA to enhance gain. Additionally, an array of metallic vias is incorporated along the lateral and horizontal edges of the antenna for further gain enhancement and bandwidth extension. Based on the proposed structure, the AVA can achieve a peak gain of 11.9 dBi over a relative bandwidth of 71.24% within 16.5–36.6 GHz as measured, while the electrical dimension is only 1.54 × 2.69 × 0.07 λc3. The measured results show good agreement with the simulated ones. Owning the characteristics of being high-gain and ultra-wideband, and having a compact size, the proposed AVA can be a competitive candidate for future millimeter-wave communication.
“…The antenna [53] uses meanderline techniques in feeding and PIN diodes, so there are additional external components and only operated at 0.4-12 GHz. Antenna [54]- [56] has the smaller bandwidth than WCVA. Whereas our purposes antenna produces 4-band-notched using a simple structure, namely CSRR-WCVA and can operated from 2.3 to more than 60 GHz.…”
Section: Configuration and Parameter Of The Antennamentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Table 2 compares the WCVA-SS antenna with related references in terms of similarity of broadband, UWB, and SWB antennas and band notched techniques. In this comparison, we utilize a monopole antenna [31] [33], bowtie [54],Dipole [55] and a Vivaldi antenna [43]- [53], [56] since both can typically span broadband frequencies. Despite its tiny size, the antenna [31] only operates at the UWB frequency and cre- ates one notched band, whereas the antenna [33] operates at a maximum frequency of 18.8 GHz and does not mention the notched band.…”
Section: Configuration and Parameter Of The Antennamentioning
Antennas with high gain that can operate in Super Wide Band (SWB) frequencies can be employed for a variety of wireless applications that serve different telecommunications infrastructure and radar applications. However, wide-bandwidth antennas suffer from interference from other wireless technology networks, necessitating the deployment of strategies to block some undesired signal frequencies. A new method for increasing bandwidth by shortening the taper slot length of the Vivaldi antenna and increasing the antenna radiation pattern by using a wavy structure and adding a Square-Complimentary Split Ring Resonator (S-CSRR) structure that can notched-band several frequencies has been investigated on the Coplanar Vivaldi Antenna (CVA). In this study, we investigated seven different types of antennas: Conventional CVA (C-CVA), CVA-Short Slot and Long-Slot (CVA-SS and CVA-LS) with antenna lengths of 10 and 15 cm, wave CVA (WCVA), and WCVA with CSRR. In all frequency bands ranging from 2.3 to more than 30 GHz, the S 11 of the CVA-SS antenna is less than -15 dB with minimum S 11 of-62.21 dB. When compared to the CVA-LS without a corrugated construction, the WCVA-SS antenna has 5.77 dBi improvement of directivity at 15 GHz. By incorporating the S-CSRR structure into WCVA, four notched frequency bands are formed: 3.335 -3.72 GHz (WiMAX spectrum), 4.72 -5.354 GHz (WLAN), 6.07 -6.743 GHz (Wifi 6E usage), and 7.408 -8.293 GHz (X-satellite bands). S-CSRR also potentially result in circular polarization at 4.6 -5.3 GHz with the minimum AR of 0.438 (at 5 GHz), at 7.8 -8.2 GHz with the minimum AR of 0.732 (at 8GHz) and at 27 GHz with AR of 2.1 by constructing a U shape with four SCRRs. There was also good agreement between simulation and measurement results. As a result, the WCVA-SS antenna with a Square-CSRR structure may be recommended for the usage of SWB antennas, where a single antenna can serve numerous telecommunications and radar system applications.INDEX TERMS Bandwidth, Gain, Notch-band, Super Wide Band, and Vivaldi Antenna. I. INTRODUCTION U Ltrawideband antennas have become popular for research and use in the wireless industry ever since the FCC allowed it to market communications in the 3.1-10.6 GHz frequency [1] [2] [3]. Ultrawideband antennas offer the benefit of enabling short-range wireless communications with high capacity while employing low-cost and low-energy transceivers. It should be noted that UWB short pulse signals can boost transmission speed, resist multipath fading and frequency selective fading, and provide excellent security and
“…Therefore, the space element is d = 5.5 mm if the antenna is used in the array. The proposed antenna can operate in 23–45 GHz covering 5G n257, n258, n259, n260, and n261 frequency bands and exhibit a nearly constant end-fire radiation pattern with a measured gain of more than 5dBi across the whole bandwidth 21 . Figure 3 Fabricated Vivaldi antenna array.…”
The attachment of 5G with millimeter wave (mmWave) frequencies offers massive capacity and low latency to reveal the full 5G experiences. High directive gain and beamforming are considered essential for mmWave 5G systems. The main requirements of the beamforming network for 5G mmWave applications are the scanning coverage of ± 60° and SLL > 10 dB in a wide operational bandwidth over the standard 5G frequency bands. In this paper, a novel PCB-based wide-angle Rotman lens beamformer is designed, simulated, and successfully measured to meet the mentioned requirements for 5G mmWave applications. A comprehensive improved design methodology is provided for all components of the Rotman lens to reach a wide scanning angle, enhanced sidelobe level, and low scan loss. The end-fire Vivaldi antenna is selected as an array element for easy integration to the beamforming network as well as its capability to use in dual-polarization configuration. The proposed Rotman lens is operational in the 24–30 GHz frequency band covering 5G n257, n258, and n261 frequency bands. The results show a nearly constant 8 beams across the whole bandwidth steering from − 53° to 53° in 15° increments to provide ± 60° coverage with the SLL > 10 dB and scan loss < 1.9 dB. The retrieved novelties from this work contain an effective design methodology for an optimized Rotman lens with wide-scan angle and low phase and amplitude error, non-uniform distribution based array ports, and integration with end-fire antenna for possible dual polarization and 2-D beamforming capabilities. The comparison of the proposed beamformer with the most recent works shows several advantages in terms of integrated structure and performances including bandwidth, wide scanning angle, SLL, and scan loss. With such performances, this beamformer can be used for various mmWave and 5G applications such as advanced antenna systems, massive MIMO systems, and hybrid beamforming systems.
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